Chapter 1
1.1 What Is a Word
词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters.
（一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母）
词包含以下几点：
① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式
② a sound unity.一个声音统一体
③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位
④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式
A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic
function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式
Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的
1.2 Sound and Meaning
声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。
他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。
1.3 Sound and Form
读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.
②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.
③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个
声音。
②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。
③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。
1.4 Vocabulary
词汇的概念：All the words in a language make up its vocabulary.
一种语言中的所有单词构成了它的词汇
词汇的多重含义：① It can refer to the total number of the words in a language.
指一门语言的词汇量
②It can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.
指某一特定历史时期的词汇
③It can refer to all the words of a given dialect and field.
指某一方言和规定的领域
当今英语数量：one million
1.5 Classification of words
By use frequency(使用频率)：basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary(基本词汇和非基本词汇)
By notion(概念)：content words and functional words（实义词和功能词）
By origin(起源)：native words and borrowed words（本族词和外来词）
1.5.1 Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic Vocabulary
Basic Word Stock:
①all national character全民性
②stability稳定性
③productivity能产性
④polysemy多义性
⑤collocability搭配性
Nonbasic vocabulary：
①Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic
areas.(术语是指特定学科和学术领域所使用的专业术语)
②Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular
arts,sciences,trades and professions communicate among themselves.(行话是从事艺术、科学、商业和其他职业的人员内部专门使用的词汇)
③Slang belongs to the sub-standard language,a category that seems to stand between
the standard general words and in-group words.(俚语属于非标准语言，介于一般标准词汇和团体内部用词之间)
④Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.(黑话是犯罪份子的行话)
⑤Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.(方言词限
于讲该种方言的人使用)
⑥Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted
only to specialized or limited use.(古语词是指过去曾经广泛使用，而现在仅限于某些特定范围内使用的词)
⑦Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions,or words that have taken on new
meanings.(新语词是指新创造的词语及表达方式，或被赋予新义的旧词)
1.5.2 Content Words and Functional Words
Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words.
（实义词明确表示概念，简称实词，又称概念词）
Functional words do not have notions of their own.As their chief function is to express the relation between notions,the relation between words as well as between sentences,they are known as form words.
（功能词本身不具有实义，它的功能就是表达两个实义之间以及词与词，句子与句子之间的关系，因此称为形式词）
1.5.3 Native Words and Borrowed Words
Native words have two other features:
①neutral in style文体上中性
②frequent in use 使用频繁
Borrowed words根据借取的方式和同化的程度可以分为以下四种
①Denizens同化词
②Aliens非同化词
③Translation-loans译借词
Words translated according to the meaning意借词
Words translated according to the sound音译借词
④Semantic-loans借义词。