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专业英语(土木工程-路桥方向)李嘉-第三版-翻译-中英对照
当今美国的交通运输系统是一个高度发达,复杂的运输方式和设施构成的网络,他们为运输业主和出行者提供服务,并有很大的选择余地。每种模式按照行程时间、频率、舒适度、可靠性、方便性和安全性都具有一种独特的服务特性。服务水平被用来描述相对价值。旅客或运输业主对比同等费用下的服务水平来权衡和选择运输方式。,厂商可以通过货运公司或者自己公司的卡车运货,要搬家的屋主可以选择雇佣搬家公司或者租赁卡车,通勤者可以选择乘公交或者开车去上班。每种决定都涉及一系列需要在费用和服务间权衡的复杂因素。
专业英语(土木工程-路桥方向)李嘉-第三版-翻译-中英对照
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Lesson7Transportation Systems交通运输系统
Transportation systemin a developednation consists ofanetworkofmodesthathaveevolvedover manyyears.Thesystemconsists ofvehicles,guideways,terminal facilities and controlsystems:these operateaccordingtoestablishedproceduresand schedules intheair,onland,and onwater. Thesystemalso requiresinteractionwiththeuser, theoperator andtheenvironment.Thesystems thatare inplacereflectthe multitudeofdecisions made by shippers,carriers, government, individualtravelers,andaffectednonusers concerningtheinvestment inorthe useof transportation. Thetransportationsystem thathas evolvedhas produceda variety ofmodes that complementeach other.
The U.S.transportationsystemtoday isahighlydeveloped, complexnetworkofmodesandfacilities thatfurnishes shippers and travelerswith a wide rangeof choicesin terms ofservices provided. Each mode offersauniquesetofservicecharacteristics intermsoftraveltime, frequency, comfort,reliability,convenience andsafety. Thetermlevelofservice isusedtodescribethe relative valuesoftheseattributes.The traveleror shipper mustcompare thelevelof service offeredwiththe costinordertomaketradeoffsandmodeselection.Furthermore, a shipperor traveler candecideto useapubliccarrier or touseprivate (orpersonal)transportation. For example,amanufacturercanshipgoodsthroughatruckingfirmorwithcompanytrucks,ahomeowner who has beenrelocated can hirea householdmovingcompanyor rent a truck,anda commuter canelectto ride the bus to workor drivea car.Each ofthese decisions involvesacomplexset offactorsthat require tradeoffs between costand service.ﻩ
Theprincipal modes ofintercityfreighttransportationarehighways,railroads,water,airandpipelines.Traffic carried byeachmode, expressedas ton-miles orpassenger-miles, has variedconsiderably inthe past70 years.Themostcurrent informationregarding modalmarket shareis availablefromtheBureau of TransportationStatistics(BST)website.Changes in ton-miles carriedfrom 1960 through2005areillustrated in Fig.7.1.
在发达国家,交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好多年。这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。现在的运输体系可以反映出与投资和使用有关的多方决定,包括运输业主、承运商、政府、每个出行者以及受影响的非使用者等。逐步发展的交通运输系统形成了各种互补模式。