金融工程
Some Terminology
l Settlement price (结算价格): the price just before the final bell each day
– used for the marking to market process
l Open interest (未平仓合约数): the total number of contracts outstanding
对保证金帐户进行调整
l 保证金金额一般取决于客户的目标。 A. 投机者与套期保值者 B. 当日交易和价差交易 (day trade and spread transaction)
Case of a Futures Trade
l An individual takes a long position in l 2 December gold futures contracts, l traded on the New York Commodity l Exchange(COMEX), on June 1, 1996:
l They argue that F < E (ST ) if speculators are long & hedgers are short
l And that F > E (ST ) if hedgers are short & speculators are long
Keynes & Hicks
l Available on a wide range of underlyings l Exchange traded l Specifications need to be defined:
- What can be delivered, - Where it can be delivered, & - When it can be delivered
l Can the volume of trading in a day be greater than the open interest?
Forward Contracts vs Futures Contracts
TABLE
FORWARDS
Private contract between 2 parties Non-standard contract
opening up a position closing out a position
Futures Trade
l 资产 : 商品和金融资产,确定。 l 合约规模 :每一合约中资产交割的数量。 l 交割手续 :每一合约中资产交割的时间、地点等。 l 头寸限制 :投机者可以持有的最多合约数量。 l 价格变动限制 :
Usually 1 specified delivery date Settled at maturity Delivery of final cash settlement usually occurs
FUTURES
Exchange traded
Standard contract
Range of delivery dates Settled daily
Regulation of Futures
l Regulation is designed to protect the public interest l Regulators try to prevent
questionable trading practices by either individuals on the floor of the exchange or outside groups
2.2
Case 3: Futures Trade
l An individual takes a long position in 2 December gold futures contracts,
l traded on the New York Commodity l Exchange(COMEX), on June 1, 1996:
0...
+ 1,..340 + 1,...260
<=
4,000 3,000
= 4,000
0
Other Key Points About Futures
Margine Account
???
A
B
C
Initial Margin
D F
Maintenance Margin
t
Other Key Points About Futures
12-05 计算机实验室
五、互换
2000-12-12
六、期权
2000-12-19,12-26
七、小结
2001-01-02
八、金融工程总结
2001-01-09
考核
成绩:
1、 考试
60% 2001-01-02
2、 作业 1, 2, 3, 4 40%
其中,作业 1, 2 为习题(个人),10%;
作业 3 为金融网站的编辑(小组),10%;
Convergence of Futures to Spot
Futures Price Spot Price
400.00
4,000
1-Jun ... 11-Jun...
15-Jun... 22-Jun
397....00 393....30 387....00 392.30
(...600) (...420) (1,...140) 260
(...600) 3,400... (1...,340) 2,660... (2,...600) 2,740... (1,540) 5,060
(US$3,000 in total)
A Possible Outcome
l TABLE 2.1
(p. 27)
DailyCumBiblioteka lativeMargin Futures Gain Gain Account Margin
Price (Loss) (Loss) Balance Call Day (US$) (US$) (US$) (US$) (US$)
作业 4 为金融工程案例分析(小组)20%。
出勤:3 次;时间: 星期二; 地点: 光华119 / 实验室
金融工程
金融工程是应用金融工具,(进行金融结
构设计,或者)将现有的金融结构进行重组, 以获得人们希望的结果。 • 金融工程有助于现实金融问题的解决; • 金融工程不能实现不可能达到的结果。
金融工程学
– equal to number of LONGS or number of SHORTS
l Volume of trading(交易量): the number of trades in 1 day
Questions
l When a new trade is completed what are the possible effects on the open interest?
– 涨停板 limit up – 跌停板 limit down
• 如何保证合约的履行?
Futures Trade: 保 证 金 操 作
l 保证金 : 为确保履行合约而由买卖双方存于交
易帐户的押金。
l 保证金帐户 :Margin Account l 初始保证金 :Initial Margin, 开仓时存入保证金帐
(US$3,000 in total)
2.3
Futures Trade
l 两类 交易员:
1. 佣金经纪人 2. 自营经纪人
l 两种 交易指令:
1. 市价指令 2. 限价指令
l 两种 仓位:
1. 建仓 2. 平仓
commission broker locals
market order limit order
– contract size is 100 oz. – futures price entered into is US$400 – margin requirement is US$2,000/contract
(US$4,000 in total) – maintenance margin is US$1,500/contract
l 因为投机者承担的风险需要补偿。投机者只 有在预期期货的价格将上涨的情况下才会进 行交易。
l 另一方面,套期保值者因为减少了风险,会 接受轻微的损失。
l 期货价格低于预期未来现货价格的情况被称 为现货溢价(normal backwardation);
l 期货价格高于预期未来现货价格的情况被称 为期货溢价(contango)
l
almost the same as
l the forward price for a contract with the same maturity on
the same asset.
Keynes & Hicks
John Maynard Keynes & John Hicks
在三十年代的工作:
Chapter 2
l Futures Markets l & the Use of Futures for Hedging
Chapter 2
1. 期货合约的交易 2. 期货合约的特性 3. 保证金的操作 4. 期货价格与现货价格的关系 5. 利用期货套期保值 6. 最佳套期比率
2.1
Futures Contracts
金融工程学可以概括为四个层次: l 金融工具与金融手段的设计、开发与实施; l 风险管理技术,即运用各种金融工具与手段以达到预期
的收益/风险目标; l 整体金融架构的创造,例如:设计企业的兼并和收购方