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1.2 Input
Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language.
This input may come in written or spoken form.
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The study of UG has attracted considerable attention from many second language acquisition researchers because knowledge of linguistic universals may help to shape L2 acquisition in a number of ways.
Authentic input Comprehensible input (Krashen): i+1 Premodified input Interactively modified input: tends to do
a better job
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(Krashen): i+1
Do we teach grammar?
How do we teach grammar?
As a compromise between the “purely formfocused approaches” and the “purely meaningfocused” approaches, a recent movement called focus on form seems to take a more balanced view on the role of grammar in language learning.
Formally simple structures can be functionally complex and formally complex items are not necessarily functionally complex.
Again we resort to linguistics in order to have a better understanding of the complexity of language structures.
According to the advocates of focus on form, if an L2 structure is part of UG, the amenability is high; otherwise, the amenability is low.
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The problem is that no one knows for sure what exactly is part of UG. It is here that the study of linguistics comes into play.
The study of UG, which is often considered as the theory for the sake of theory, is now needed in language learning research in the most practical sense.
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Universal Grammar
Two variables concerning the amenability of language elements to focus on form are the relevance of Universal Grammar (UG) and the complexity of language structures.
Chapter 11 Linguistics and Language Teaching
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Applied linguistics
definition.(P.353)
firstly: Theoretical views of language explicitly or implicitly inform the approaches and methods adopted in language teaching.
For example, it an provide explanations for developmental sequences and language transfer.
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Structural complexity
It can be assumed that less complex structures have higher amenability, but complexity is hard to define.
secondly, applied linguistics state the insights and implications that linguistic theories have on the language teaching methodology.
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1.1 Grammar
p.371 the language that learners are exposed to should
In the case of spoken input, it may occur in the context of interaction or in the context of non-reciprocal discourse .
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Views diverge greatly as to what kind of input should be provided for language learners.