红⾊色是定义语⾔言学chap1部分笔记在鑫宇那why study language language is a means of verbalcommunicationwhat is languagedesign features of language语⾔言的特点arbitrariness任意性the forms of linguistic signs bear no naturalrelationship to their meaning. The symbols have beenchosen arbitrarily. In other words, it is impossible topredict the meaning from the form, or vice versa.The symbols have been chosenarbitrarily. In other words, it isimpossible to predict the meaning fromthe form, or vice versa.1 arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ite meaning语素⾳音义关系的任意性2 arbitrariness at the syntactic level句句法层⾯面上的任意性3 arbitrariness and convention任意性和规约性they derive from the choice of subjectmatters.once such links between particular wordand associative meaning are fixed, itbecomes a matter of conventionality.Saussure索绪尔提出duality⼆二层性It means that language is a system which consistsof two levels of structures, at the lower level thereis the structure of sounds; at the higher level thereis the structure of words.下层lower sounds交通灯和动物叫声⼀一样，只有下层含义。

∵meaning units cannot be divided intosmaller meaningless element further上层higher=primary words, sentencescreativity创造性the ability that we all have to construct and understand anindefinitely large number of sentences in our native language,including sentences that we have never heard before, but thatare appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered.displacement移位性the ability for the human language users to symbolizeobjects, events and concepts which are not present (in timeand space) at the moment of communication, or the ability touse language to talk about the things that exist in our worldof experience or in the world of imagination.语⾔言能够指称说话⼈人即时情境以外的语境culture transmission⽂文化传递refers to the fact that, on the one hand, human language has agenetic basis, in other words, we are born with the capacity toacquire human language; on the other hand, the details of anyhuman language are passed on from one generation to the nextby teaching and learning, rather than by gene.function of language语⾔言的功能基本功能 不不同的⼈人JACKBSON 语⾔言功能框架referential 所指：传达信息poetic 诗学：享受语⾔言⾃自身的乐趣emotive 情感：表达态度感觉情感conative 意动功能：通过指令和恳求说服和影响他⼈人祈使 呼语phatic 寒暄：与他⼈人建⽴立交际早上好metalingual function元语⾔言嘿，听到吗HALLIDAY 语⾔言元功能理理论ideational 概念interpersonal ⼈人际textual 语篇功能 functioninformative信息Language serves an informative function whenit is used to tell what the speaker believes, togive information about facts, or to reasonthings out.interpersonal ⼈人际It is mainly concerned with interactionbetween the speaker and hearer in thediscourse situation and the speaker’s attitudetowards what he speaks or writes about.performative 施为speech can be used to “do things”, performingacts.emotive 感情the use of language to create certain feelingsin the hearer. The aim is to amuse, startle,anger, soothe, worry or please.phatic communion 寒暄交谈It refers to language used for establishing anatmosphere or maintaining social contact rather thanfor exchanging information or ideas. For instance, greetings,farewells, talking about weather are all instances of phaticfunction.recreational 娱乐When language is used to amuse,language is performing recreational function.For instance, verbal dueling (对歌），baby’sbabbling and word game.metalingual 元语⾔言When language is used to talk about andstudy language itself, language isperforming metalingual function⽤用来谈论语⾔言的⾔言语to tell the truth, frankly speakingimportant distinction in linguistics语⾔言学中⼀一些重要的区别Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描写式和规定式If a linguistic study describes and analyzesthe language people actually use, it is saidto be descriptive.people don’t say XIf it aims to lay down rules for “correct”behavior, it is said to be prescriptive.don’t sat XSynchronic vs. Diachronic 共时和历时Synchronic linguistics is the analysis oflanguage at a single point in time共时通常为当下Diachronic历时 linguistics is the study of alanguage through the course of its historyLangue & parole 语⾔言和⾔言语According to Saussure, “Langue”语⾔言 refersto the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community.抽象的语⾔言系统“parole”⾔言语 refers to the actual language.说出来的话Langue is abstract, parole specific to the speakingsituation; langue not actually spoken by anindividual, parole always a naturally occurring event;langue relatively stable and systematic, parolesubject to personal and situational constraints.Competence & performance 语⾔言能⼒力力和语⾔言运⽤用According to Chomsky,“Competence”语⾔言能⼒力力 is theideal language user’s knowledgeof the rules of his language.“Performance” 语⾔言运⽤用is theactual realization of thisknowledge in utterances.。