English LiteratureGeoffrey Chaucer: the Father of English Poetrythe Founder of English Realismthe Master of modern English languageThe pioneer of the English RenaissanceBeowulf: National epic of the Anglo-SaxonsThe story of Beowulf is a folk legend which reflects the feature of the tribalworld. <alliteration, metaphor,understatement>John Milton: Blank verse 双韵体、革命诗人John Donne: peculiar conceits奇喻metaphysical school形而上学派John Bunyan: The pilgrim’s progress 天路历程Daniel Defoe: Father of English novels 英国现代小说之父Jonathan Swift: Father of English stylisticsHenry Fielding: The founder of English realistic novel 小说艺术之父Alexander Pope: 英语诗歌艺术之父Robert Burns: The poet of peasants 农民作家Lyrical Ballads:The beginning of romantic revivalWalter Scott: The father of historical novel 历史小说之父Old English Literature(mid 5th-mid 11th)Background: Roman conquest A.D 78 <Mode of Life: Christianity, last for 400 years> Anglo-Saxon settled in English <military leadership into kingship>Old EnglishFrom tribal to feudalismMedieval English Literature (1066-14th末）Background: Norman conquest in 1066French and Latin prevailDivision into class <landlords and peasants>conflictsGeoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales--the rising the bourgeoisie of Britain--praise man’s energy, intellect, wit and love of life--satirize the evil of and degeneration of the noble andcorruption of the church--French rhymed stanza: heroic couplet<英雄双韵体>两行一韵:a-a-b-b-c-c-d-d-e-e-f-f-g-g--create the famous terza rima 三行诗run on line跳行--show a true life picture, the first smooth English--the foreshadow of the coming the English RenaissanceTroilus and Criseyde1383 <8000lines>William Langland:Piers the PlowmanThe English Renaissance(14th-17th)Background: politically--Henry VIII--Tudor dynasty<centralized monarchy>--break with Rome<enrich the new bourgeois>--new religious dogma protestantism--Queen Mary--反新教，互相妥协Economically--the closure movement <生产和土地需求，农民被剥削>--Commercial expansion--exploration and travel--colonyCulturally--Renaissance<curiosity for classic literature><admiration for human beauty, humanity> Military--with Spain<bourgeoisie fought for power, rose in the history> William Caxton: the first English printer< translate Canterbury Tales, Troilus and Criseyde>Thomas More:UtopiaWilliam Shakespeare:----Comedy: A mid summer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs you like itTwelfth Night----Tragedy: Hamlet、Othello、King Lear、Macbeth<早期>Romeo and JulietMain features: realistic writingImitation and adaptationLanguage masterDiversified writing skills and methods:song, sonnet, couplet, blank verse Sonnets 十四行诗a-b-a-b-c-d-c-d-e-f-e-f-g-g^-^-^-^-^- five feetOne foot 一个重音和一个或一个以上的非重音Iambic Pentameter抑扬格Edmund Spenser: The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie QueeneAchievement: the Spenserian stanza9-line stanza--a b a b b c b c cIambic pentameter五步格, iambic hexameter六步格Christopher Marlowe: Tamburlaine、The Jews of Malta、Doctor FaustusBen Jonson(the successor of Shakespeare)---comedy: Every man in His HumourVolponeBartholomew FairFoxThe Alchemist---tragedy: SejanusCatilineFrancis Bacon: Advancement of LearningNew instrumentThe essays “knowledge is power”Translational periodJohn Milton: Paradise LostParadise RegainedSamson AgonistesJohn Donne: Songs and SonnetsJohn Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s progress18th English Literature (end of 17th-18th <1789>)Background: The Glorious Revolution in 1688 ended in a compromise between the aristocracy and bourgeois.English became constitutional monarchy and power passed from theKing to the Parliament and the cabinet minister.The Industrial RevolutionThe Enlightenment marked the beginning of an intellectual movementin Europe. An expression struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. Daniel Defoe:Robinson CrusoeJonathan Swift:Gulliver’s TravelsHenry Fielding: Joseph AndrewsJonathan WildTome JonesSamuel Richardson: Pamela <a long tale>Alexander Pope:An Essay on ManSentimentalism and Pre-romanticismSentimental novel: The vicar of WakefieldSentimental poetry: Elegy written in a country churchyard <Thomas Gray> Features: 1. emphasize too much emotion rather than reason2. optimistic attitude toward the goodness of humanityPre-romanticism representativesWilliam Blake: Songs of InnocenceSongs of ExperienceRobert burns:My love is like a Red Red roseStyle: emphasis on natural sentiment and individual originality, showing revolutionary passion against classical tradition, followed by Shelley.19th En Historical Background:Background: Industrial Revolution <home>French revolution, Independence of The United States<abroad>Scholars and writers are dissatisfactory with the development ofbourgeois, against the reason of enlightenment. Philosophers in Europeand America are active emotion ,imagination, independence,individuality and intuition of humankind prevail.<culture> Romantic MovementWilliam Wordsworth:Written in MarchWordsworth、Samuel T(aylor) Coleridge------Lyrical BalladsPercy Shelley: Ode to the West WindQueen MabThe revolt of IslamGeorge Byron: Don Juan“She walks in Beauty”John Keats: When I have fearsOde to a nightmareOde to a Grecian Urn“Beauty is truth, truth beauty”Jane Austin:Sense and sensibilityPride and prejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbeyPersuasionWalter Scott: WaverleyIvanhoeRob RoyFeatures: vivifying the past, closely pay attention to the fates of individuals, All kinds of people are described, both romantic imagination and realistic investigation, conservative in politicsRealistic movement (Victorian Period 1836)Historical Backgrounds: Critical realism, Victorian literature, Chartist literature Main features--the struggling of the proletariat for its rights--critical ideas occupied great place--women writers stood on the stage of literatureCharles Dickens: Oliver TwistDombey and sonDavid CopperfieldBleak HouseHard TimesA tale of two citiesOur Mutual FriendsWilliam Thackeray: Vanity Fair 名利场Charlotte Bronte: Jane EyreEmily Bronte: Wuthering HeightsGeorge Eliot <pseudonym:Mary Ann Evans>: MiddlemarchElizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell: Mary Barton <A Tale of Manchester Life>End of 19th centuryNaturalism---George Gissing: New Grub StreetNeo-romanticism---Robert Louis Stevenson:Treasure IslandStrange case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Aestheticism---Oscar Wilder:The picture of Dorian GrayProse writers---Thomas Carlyle:Sartor ResartusHistory of French RevolutionHero-worshipPast and present---John Ruskin: Modern PaintersSeven Lamps of ArchitectureThe stones of VeniceUnto this lastPoetry writers---Alfred Tennyson: In Memoriam: “Break, Break, Break”1842 ---Robert Browning: Pippa PassesThe Ring and the BookMy last Duchess <Dramatic Monologue>20th English LiteratureBackground--At home: decline of the military and political power of the EnglishEmpire, frequent strikes of the workers. Monopoly capitalismplayed a decisive role in economy.--Abroad: conflicts between Britain and the colonists, conflicts betweenthe colonists, development of the other countries, theinfluence of the World War I, the influence of Russian Oct.Revolution, preparations of the war by Hitler and Mussoliniand inevitable World War II.--Cultural Background: the development of the science and technology, “the declineof the west” caused the skepticism and disillusionment, theinfluence of the theory of socialism, the influence of thetheory of evolution, the influence of psychology, the influenceof Oriental culture.Poetry---W.B. Yeats: 1923 he was awarded the Nobel prize for literature ---T.S.Eliot <Thomas Stearns Eliot>: the love song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe waste landThe Hollow menAsh WednesdayFour Quarters1947 he was awarded the Nobel prize for literature Novel---Joseph Conrad: Almayer’s Folly---Rudyard Kipling: KimThe Jungle BookThe second Jungle book---James Joyce: A portrait of the artist as a young manUlyssesFinneganns Wake---Virginia Woolf: Mrs Dalloway 1925To the lighthouse 1927Orlando 1928A room of one’s own 1929The waves 1931The Years 1938Between the Acts 1941American LiteratureWashington Irving 美国小说之父Ralph Waldo Emerson--Father of American literature--dominant spirit of the age--proponent of “the American newness”--the leading spokesman for TranscendentalismNathaniel Hawthorne--Marginal transcendentalistEzra Pound--leader of imagist poetryPuritan literaturePuritan beliefs--First covenant: God and Adam, “original sin”;--Second covenant: God and Abraham, “grace”“original sin”and “grace”are two most important premises inPuritanism.--Puritan beliefs helped shape the colonial life.--Puritanism helped shape the colonial literature.BenjaminFranklin---the autobiographyAmerican romanticism(1815-1865)Early romanticism--Washington Irving: Rip Van winkleThe sketch bookThe legend of sleepy Hollow--James Fenimore Cooper: The pioneersThe last of the MobicansThe PrairieThe pathfinderThe Deerslayer Transcendentalism--Ralph Waldo Emerson: NatureThe American scholar“history”“self-reliance”“The over-soul”“the poet”“experience”“women”“Thoreau”--Henry David Thoreau:Civil DisobedienceWalden--Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet LetterThe House of seven GablesThe Blithedale RomanceThe Marble FaunLate 19th poets--Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass-song of myself (1855-1892)--Emily DickinsonAge of RealismPolitical and Social Background--1861-1865 Civil War--Scepticism of Transcendentalism--Increasing industrialization and mechanization--admiration for driving ambition and a lust formoney and power--frontier spirit closed ended the idealized romanticimagination of the New World--"Gilded" age coming--ending of romanticism and Transcendentalism--Impact of philosophy (Schopenhauer, Nietzsche,Bergson, Freud, James)Localism--Mark Twain(1843-1910): The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn<the great American Novel>Roughing it--Henry James(1843-1916): The wings of DoveThe AmbassadorThe Golden BowlDaisy Miller<novellas>The Turn of the screw<novellas>--William Dean Howells(1837-1920)Features:1.concern for the world of experience, of commonplace and for the familiar and thelow;2. verisimilitude of detail derived from observation;3. a reliance on the representative in plot, setting and character;4. an objective rather than an idealized view of human nature and experience.5. Local color and regional writings constitudes the early realism in American literature. Naturalism is a very important variety.Naturalism<Higher realism>--Hamilton Garland: Grumbling Idols--Stephen Crane: Maggie: A girl of streetsThe red badge of courage--Frank Norris: McTeagueThe Octopus--Jack London:the Call of the Wild--Theodore Dreiser: Sister CarrieBackground of naturalism: the influence of European writers as Emile Zola, ThomasHardy and George Eliot; the influence of Darwinism,influence of European and American philosophy; situationat home.Modernism of 20th centuryPoetry--Ezra Pound: The Cathay 1915Hugh Selwyn MauberleyThe Cantos (1925-1955)--Gertrude Stein: Three livesThe making of Americans (1906)Tender Button (1914)--T.S.Eliot: The waste land 1922The love song of J.Alfred Prufrock --Wallace Stevens: Harmonium 1923--Amy Lowell--H.D--William Carlos William: Defamilarization断章--e.e cummingsFiction--William Faulkner:Soldier Pay 1926Mosquitoes 1927The sound and the Fury 1929As I Lay Dying 1930Light in August 1932--Ernest Hemingway:the Sun also RisesFor Whom the Bell TollsA Farewell to ArmsThe Old Man and the SeaIn 1954, he got the Nobel Prize --F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great GatsbyTender is the Night。