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《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译-完整版

Unit 1Chemical Industry化学工业1.Origins of the Chemical IndustryAlthough the use of chemicals datesback to the ancient civilizations,theevolutionof whatwe know as themodern chemical industry started much more recently. It may beconsideredto have begun duringthe IndustrialRevolution,about 1800, and developedto provide ch emicalsroeuse byother industries.Examplesare alkalifor soapmaking,bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonatefor glassmaking. It will be noted that theseareall inorganicchemicals.The organic chemicalsindustry startedin the 1860s with theexploitation of William HenryPerkin’s discoveryifthefirstsynthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century theemphasisonresearchon the appliedaspectsof chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by1914had resulted in theGerman chemical industry having 75% ofthe world market in chemicals. This wasbased on thedisc overyofnew dyestuffs plusthedevelopment of boththecontactprocess for sulphuricacid and the Haber process forammonia. Thelater requiredamajor technological breakthroughthatof being a bletocarry out chemical reactions underconditions ofvery high pressure forthefirst time. The experiencegained with this was to standGermany in good stead,particularly with the rapidly increased dema nd fornitrogen-based compounds(ammoniumsalts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) withthe outbreak ofworld warⅠin 1914. This initiatedprofound changes which continuedduring the inter-war years (1918-1939).1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。

可以认为它起源于工业革命其间,大约在1800年,并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。

比如制肥皂所用的碱,棉布生产所用的漂白粉,玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3.我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。

有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。

20世纪初,德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究,到1914年,德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。

这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。

而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。

这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。

特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发,对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。

这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后(1918-1939)。

date baketo/from:回溯到dated: 过时的,陈旧的standsb. in goodstead:对。

很有帮助Since 1940the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate,although this has slowedsignificantly in recent years.The lion’s shareof this growth has beenin the organicchemicals sector due tothed evelopment and growth of the petrochemicals area since1950s.The explosivesgrowth in petrochemicals inthe 1960s and1970s was largely due to the e normous increase in demand for synthetic polymers suchas polyethylene,p olypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxyresins.1940年以来,化学工业一直以引人注目的速度飞速发展。

尽管这种发展的速度近年来已大大减慢。

化学工业的发展由于1950年以来石油化学领域的研究和开发大部分在有机化学方面取得。

石油化工在60年代和70年代的迅猛发展主要是由于人们对于合成高聚物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚脂和环氧树脂的需求巨大增加。

The chemicalindustry today is a verydiverse sectorof manufacturing industry, withinwhich it plays a central role. It makes thou sandsof different chemicals whichthegeneralpublic only usually encounteras end or consumer products. These products are purchased becaus ethey havetherequired properties whichmake them suitableforsome particular application,e.g. a non-stick coatingfor pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that theyprodu ce.今天的化学工业已经是制造业中有着许多分支的部门,并且在制造业中起着核心的作用。

它生产了数千种不同的化学产品,而人们通常只接触到终端产品或消费品。

这些产品被购买是因为他们具有某些性质适合(人们)的一些特别的用途,例如,用于盆的不粘涂层或一种杀虫剂。

这些化学产品归根到底是由于它们能产生的作用而被购买的。

2. DefinitionoftheChemicalIndustryAt the turn of thecenturythere would have been little difficulty in defining what constitutedthechemical industry sinceonly a very limited range ofproducts was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., a lkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however,many intermediatesto productsproduced, from raw materialslikecrude oilthrough (in some cases) manyintermediatestoproductswhich maybe used directlyasconsumergoods,orreadilyconvertedinto them. The difficultycones in deciding at which pointin this sequence the particular op eration ceasesto be part of the chemicalindustry’ssphere of activities.To considera specificexample to illustratethis dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride)/ poly (vinyl acetate).Clearly,synthesis of vinyl chloride(or acetate)and its polymerization are ch emical activities. However,if formulation andmixing of the paint,includingthepolymer,iscarried outby a branchofthe multinational chemicalcompanywhich manufactured the ingredients, isthis stillpartof the chemical industry of does it mow belong inthe decorating industry?2.化学工业的定义在本世纪初,要定义什么是化学工业是不太困难的,因为那时所生产的化学品是很有限的,而且是非常清楚的化学品,例如,烧碱,硫酸。

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