ＭeｃｈanｉcaｌDesｉgnＡｂstract:A mａcｈinｅｉs a ｃoｍbiｎaｔioｎof ｍechanisms and otｈｅr cｏｍponents whiｃhｔransformｓ,ｔrａｎsｍits. Eｘampleｓare enginｅs，turbines, vehicles，hoｉsts,ｐrinting ｐrｅsｓeｓ，waｓhinｇmａchinｅs,and movie cａｍeras. Ｍany of thｅprinciplｅs aｎd ｍｅｔhoｄs ｏｆdesigｎｔｈat appｌy tｏmａchi ｎｅsａｌso apply to manufactuｒeｄarticlｅｓtｈａt areｎot true machiｎes. Tｈｅｔerm "mechaｎicａl ｄesigｎ＂is usｅｄin a b ｒoaｄer sense than"machiｎe deｓign" ｔｏincｌｕｄｅtheiｒdesigｎ.the mｏtiｏｎand ｓｔrucｔural aspeｃｔs ａnd the provi ｓions fｏr retenｔｉon and eｎclｏsurｅaｒｅconsiｄeraｔioｎs in mechanicaｌdesｉｇn. Ａpｐｌicaｔions occｕr ｉn the field ｏf mechanicａl engineｅriｎｇ, and in other engｉneering ｆieｌds ａs well,aｌl ofｗhich reｑuｉｒe mechanicaｌdevices，such as ｓw ｉtches，caｍｓ,valves, ｖeｓsｅls, aｎｄｍixers．Ｋｅyｗｏrds:Ｍeｃhaniｃal Dｅsign ;Ruｌes forＤeｓign;DｅsｉgｎPrｏｃeｓｓTｈe Ｄｅsiｇn ProｃessDesigｎing staｒtｓwiｔh ａneｅdｒeaｌ．Exisｔiｎg apparatｕs maｙneed improvements ｉn durabｉlity, efｆiciencｙ，weight，ｓpeｅd, or cost.Ｎew appａｒaｔus ｍay bｅｎｅeｄeｄto pe ｒｆorm a funcｔiｏn previousｌy done ｂｙmen, ｓuchａs com ｐutaｔion，aｓsemblｙ, or sｅrvｉciｎｇ. With tｈｅobjective whol ｌy oｒpａrtly．In tｈｅdeｓigｎpreｌｉminary sｔａgｅ,should aｌlｏｗtｏｄesign the perｓoｎnel fully ｔo displａyｔhe crｅativｉty, nｏｔeach kind oｆresｔraｉｎt. Eｖenｉｆｈas had ｍany ｉmpractiｃal ideａs，ａlｓo caｎｉnｔhe desｉgｎearｌy time，ｎaｍｅly i ｎfroｎt oｆthe plan blｕepｒinｔis ｃorreｃｔｅｄ.Ｏｎly ｔhen,only ｔhｅn dｏes nｏt sｅnｄｔo stops uｐthe innovation the menｔalｉty. Ｕsually, ｍust prｏpｏseｓｅｖeｒal ｓｅts of design ｐrｏposalｓ, then perfｏrm the compａｒｉson. Has the possibility veｒy much in ｔｈe ｐlaｎｗhｉch ｆinalｌy ｄｅsi ｇnatｅｄ, has uｓed cｅrtain nｏt ｉn ｐｌan some ideasｗhｉｃｈａcceｐts．When the geｎeｒal sｈape and a ｆew dimeｎsiｏns of ｔｈe ｓe ｖeｒaｌcoｍｐoneｎtｓbｅｃomｅappａrent, aｎalyｓiｓcaｎbeｇinｉn earneｓt.Ｔhe aｎaｌysｉs will ｈave ａs ｉtｓobｊective ｓatisfactory or ｓｕpｅrioｒｐｅrformanｃｅ，plus safｅｔｙand duraｂility witｈｍinimｕm weｉｇht，anｄa compｅｔｉtｉve cｏst.Optimum pｒoportions and ｄｉmｅｎsioｎs wilｌｂe ｓougｈt ｆor eａｃｈｃritiｃalｌy loaded seｃtion, toｇeｔhｅr ｗｉｔha bａlａｎcｅbetwｅｅnｔhe sｔrengｔhs of theｓeｖeｒal ｃomponeｎtｓ．Materiａｌs and their treatment ｗillｂｅchosen. Th ｅｓe iｍporｔanｔｏｂｊectiveｓｃａｎbe ａttained only by ａnalｙsiｓbased uｐon thｅprinｃiples oｆｍｅｃｈanicｓ,suｃh ａs those of sｔatic for reaction ｆｏrｃeｓand ｆｏｒthe optiｍu ｍｕtiliｚatｉon of ｆriｃtion; oｆdynaｍｉcs for inertｉａ, ａｃcel ｅratｉoｎ, and eｎｅrgy；oｆeｌasｔiciｔy anｄstreｎgtｈofｍaterials fｏｒｓtreｓs and defleｃtiｏn; ｏf physiｃａl ｂehａvｉor ｏf ｍateriａlｓ; and of ｆluid mechａnｉcs foｒｌuｂrication and hy ｄrodynamic drivｅｓ. Thｅanalyｓｅs maｙｂe maｄe bｙthe same engｉｎeeｒwho cｏnceived ｔｈｅaｒrａngemｅnt oｆmechａniｓms, or, in a large company,ｔｈｅy may be mａdｅby ａseparate ａnalysiｓdiｖiｓｉon or ｒesｅａrch ｇroｕp．Deｓi ｇn is a reiteratｉve anｄcoopｅrａtｉve proｃesｓ，ｗhｅｔｈｅr doｎe fｏrmalｌｙor ｉnfoｒmally, and the anａlyst ｃan ｃonｔribut ｅｔo ｐhａｓes ｏｔheｒtｈan his own．Proｄｕct deｓigｎrequ ｉres ｍuch rｅsearｃｈand ｄevelｏpment.ＭａnｙCｏnceptｓｏf an idea mｕsｔbe ｓtudied,trieｄ,and thｅn ｅｉtｈer ｕｓed or diｓcaｒded. Altｈoｕgh the cｏｎteｎt oｆeaｃh eｎgineering pr ｏｂlem is uniquｅ,tｈe desiｇｎerｓfolｌow ｔhｅsimｉｌaｒｐｒocesｓto solvｅthe pｒoblｅms.Pｒｏｄuct liａｂilitｙｓuits designers aｎd forceｄin materｉａl selｅction, using tｈe ｂest proｇram．In the procｅｓs oｆmaｔｅrｉａl, the ｍost comｍoｎｐｒobｌems for fiｖe (a）don＇t ｕnde ｒstaｎd or nｏｔｕsｅabｏuｔthe ｌatest appliｃation ｍaｔｅrials ｔo thｅbｅsｔinfoｒmatｉon,(b) failｅｄto fｏresee aｎd consi ｄeｒtｈe reasoｎａbｌｅusｅmａteｒial may （ｓuch as poｓｓible, desigｎers shoulｄfurther forecaｓt and consideｒｄuｅto imprｏpeｒusｅproduｃtｓ．In ｒecｅｎt yeaｒｓ, maｎy ｐroｄuct ｓliabiliｔy in ｌitｉgaｔion，the usｅof prｏductｓand hｕｒt ｔhe pｌaintiｆf accｕsed manufactuｒｅr, ａｎｄwon thｅdecｉｓion),（ｃ)ｏf thｅmaterials used ａlｌｏr soｍe of tｈe ｄａta，dａtａ, esｐecially when the uncertａinｔy ｌonｇ-term peｒformanｃe dａｔa is so，(d)quａｌitｙcoｎtroｌｍｅthｏd is not suitaｂlｅand unpｒovｅｎ，(e)byｓｏｍe compｌetely ｉncompeteｎｔperｓons ｃhoose materiａls.Through to thｅabovｅfｉｖe qｕesｔions aｎａlｙｓｉs, may obtａiｎtｈese ｑuesｔｉonｓｉs does not have the suffｉciｅｎt reason exｉｓteｎｃe the coｎcｌusｉoｎ. May foｒavoid these qｕestiｏｎs tｏthｅｓｅquestionｓresearcｈanalyses the appearaｎｃe indicating the ｄirｅcｔion. Aｌthough ｕses the besｔchoicｅof m ａteｒiaｌmｅtｈod not ｔｏbｅablｅto ａvoiｄhaving the produｃｔresponsibiｌity laｗsuｉt, designs the ｐerｓoｎｎｅｌand thｅindusｔry ｃarｒｉeｓon tｈe choｉce of mａteｒｉａlaccordｉｎg to the suitａbｌe pｒocedurｅ，ｍａy gｒeaｔly reduce the laｗｓuit the quａｎtitｙ.Mａy see from the aboｖｅdｉsｃussｉoｎ，ｔhe cｈoicｅmaterialｐeopｌe should to the material natuｒe，tｈｅcharacｔｅｒistiｃaｎdｔｈeｐrocｅsｓing meｔhod hａve coｍpｒｅｈe ｎsｉｖe and the bａsｉc uｎdersｔandｉｎｇ.Finally, a desｉｇn basｅｄupｏｎfuｎcｔｉｏn, aｎd a prototype may be built.Ｉｆitsｔｅsｔｓaｒeｓatiｓfactory, ｔhe inｉtial desiｇｎwｉll undｅrｇo certain ｍｏｄｉｆicatiｏns tｈat enablｅiｔtｏｂeｍanｕfacｔｕreｄin quａntｉty aｔａlo ｗer cost．Durｉng ｓubseｑｕｅｎt years of mａnuｆaｃｔuｒe ａnd serviｃe, the ｄｅsｉgn iｓlikｅly to uｎdｅrgｏｃhaｎｇes aｓnew ideas arｅconceiｖed oｒaｓfurther analｙseｓｂased uｐo ｎtestｓaｎd eｘｐeｒience iｎdicate ａｌteｒａｔiｏns.Saｌes aｐpｅal．Soｍe Rules for DesignIｎthiｓsectioｎｉt ｉs sｕggested ｔhat，applied with a crｅａｔｉve attｉtude, anaｌｙｓｅs can lｅad ｔoｉmｐｏｒｔant improvements anｄto the cｏnceｐｔion and perfectｉonｏf alternate,perhａps moｒｅfｕnctional, ecoｎoｍｉcａl，ａｎd durａble ｐｒoｄucｔs.To ｓtimulate creａｔive thｏｕght, the fｏlｌｏwinｇruｌeｓare suｇgesｔｅd for the deｓigner and analｙsｔ. Ｔhe fiｒst ｓix r ｕｌｅｓaｒe paｒticulaｒlｙａｐplicaｂlｅfor ｔhe analyst.1．A crｅative use of ｎeedｏf physical pｒopeｒtｉeｓand ｃontｒｏl procesｓ．２. Recoｇｎize fｕnctｉonaｌｌoads and thｅir significance.3. Antiｃipａte uniｎtｅntｉonａl loads.4. Devｉse more favoｒabｌe loadｉng conｄｉtｉons.5．Ｐｒｏvide for favｏraｂlｅstreｓs distｒｉbution and sｔiffn ｅss with minimumｗeｉgｈt．6．Use bａsiｃequatiｏns to pｒoportion and optimiｚｅdｉmensｉonｓ.7. Cｈoose mａteriaｌs for a cｏmbｉnaｔiｏn of propｅｒtiｅs.8. Sｅleｃtｃaｒefully, ｓｔoｃk aｎd integrａl componｅnｔs. 9．Moｄiｆｙ a functionaｌdesign ｔo fit the mａｎｕfａcturing process ａnd reduce ｃost．10. Ｐrovide foｒａccｕrａte lｏｃaｔｉon and nｏnｉｎterference oｆparts in assｅmbｌy.Macｈinery design coｖeｒs theｆollowｉnｇcｏｎtentｓ．1．Pｒｏviｄes an iｎtroｄuctioｎtｏtｈe desigｎproｃｅsｓ, pｒoｂleｍfｏrｍulaｔｉｏｎ，safety ｆａctｏrs.2. Ｒｅviewｓthｅmａｔerial pｒｏpertiｅs ａｎd ｓtatic ａnddｙnａmic loading analysiｓ,Including beａm ，ｖibratｉon and impａcｔｌｏａdiｎg．3.Ｒeviｅｗs thｅfunｄａmentａls oｆstｒesｓanｄdeｆec ｔｉon analysis.4. Introｄｕcｅs fａtｉｇue-faiｌｕreｔｈｅorｙwith thｅemphasis on stress－life ａppｒoacｈｅs toｈｉgｈ－ｃｙcle fati ｇue dｅｓｉgn，which is commonly usｅdｉｎthｅdesign oｆｒｏｔａtiｏｎｍaｃhinery.5.Discｕsses ｔhoｒoughｌy the phenｏmｅna ofｗear mechaｎisms，surface cｏntact stresses,ａnｄsuｒfaceｆatigue．6. Ｉnｖｅsｔigaｔes shaft deｓiｇn ｕsｉng the fａtiguｅ-ａnａlｙｓis ｔeｃhniquｅs．7. Dｉsｃｕssｅs ｆluid-fiｌm and rollｉng-elemｅnt beａrｉnｇtheory and applicatiｏｎ８．Ｇives ａthorougｈiｎｔｒｏdｕｃtion to tｈe kinemaｔics，dｅsiｇn and stress anａlysis of ｓpuｒgｅaｒs , and aｓimpｌｅintroduction ｔo heｌical ,bｅｖel ,aｎｄｗorm ｇearing．9. Diｓcussｅｓspｒing desigｎinｃludｉng cｏmｐrｅssio ｎ，extｅnsion aｎd ｔorsｉｏn sｐrings.10.Dｅａｌｓwｉtｈscrews and fasteneｒs iｎｃｌｕding power scｒew and prｅｌoaｄfastenerｓ.11.Inｔrｏｄucｅs ｔhe deｓign anｄsｐecifｉcatioｎof ｄiskand druｍcｌutches ａｎdｂｒakes.Mａchine DesignＴｈe ｃｏｍｐｌete design oｆ a ｍachｉnｅｉs a comｐlex procｅss．Thｅmaｃｈｉｎe desｉgn ｉs ａcreaｔiｖe ｗork. Proj ｅｃt enｇｉneer not oｎlyｍusｔhave the creatiｖity in ｔhe worｋ, ｂuｔaｌso mustｉn ａspecｔａnd so oｎmｅchaｎicａl dｒawｉng, ｋｉnematｉcs,ｅngｉneerｉｇmａterial, materｉａl ｓmechanicｓanｄｍａcｈine manｕfactｕreｔｅchnoloｇy has the ｄeeｐｅlｅmentary knowlｅｄge．Oneｏf the fｉrｓt steps inｔhe design ｏf ａｎy prodｕｃt is to seleｃt thｅmateｒiａlｆrom whiｃｈｅaｃh parｔiｓto bｅmaｄｅ.Nuｍeroｕｓｍaｔeriaｌs aｒe avaiｌablｅtｏtoday'ｓdeｓiｇｎers. Ｔｈe ｆunction ｏf tｈe ｐrｏduct, ｉtｓappeａrａnce, tｈｅcｏst of ｔｈe ｍaｔerial，ａｎd tｈe cｏst of fabrｉcation are ｉｍpｏrtａntｉn ｍａkiｎg a seｌectioｎ. Ａcａｒefｕl evaｌuatｉｏn of the proｐerties of a.mａｔｅrial must ｂe madｅpｒior to any cａｌculａtiｏｎs．Caｒeful caｌｃulaｔions aｒe neｃessａrｙｔo ensure thｅvａliditｙｏｆa desｉgn. Ｉn cａse of any paｒt ｆailuｒeｓ,it ｉs ｄｅsｉraｂle to knｏw what waｓdoｎe iｎｏriｇinally ｄesｉgｎing tｈe dｅfectivｅｃｏmｐonｅntｓ. Thｅcheｃｋiｎｇoｆｃalｃｕｌations （and ｄrawingｄimensions) is of uｔmｏｓt import ａnｃｅ. Tｈe misplacemeｎt of one deciｍal poiｎt can ruin aｎｏth ｅｒwise accepｔablｅproject. All aspeｃtｓof desｉｇｎwoｒk sｈoulｄbｅｃhｅｃkｅd ａnd rechｅcｋeｄ.Tｈe comｐutｅr is a tｏol hｅlｐｆｕl to mｅchaｎical ｄｅsiｇners ｔo liｇhtｅｎtedious calcuｌａtiｏnｓ,and prｏvidｅｅxtｅnde ｄaｎalyｓis of availaｂle dａｔa．Iｎteｒacｔive ｓysｔｅms,ｂasedｏn cｏｍputer caｐabilｉｔieｓ, have made pｏｓｓiｂlｅtｈe concｅpts ｏf cｏｍputer aｉdeｄdｅｓigｎ（CAD）andｃomｐuter-ａｉdｅd manufacturｉｎg （CAM）. How does the psychologi ｓt fｒeｑueｎtly diｓcuss causes ｔhe ｍａchｉne which ｔhｅpeople adａｐts thｅｍtｏｏperaｔe.Desｉgnｓpｅrｓonnel'＇s ｂａsic reｓｐｏｎsibｉlｉty isｄilｉgently cａuseｓthe mａcｈi ｎｅtｏadａｐt tｈeｐeople. Thｉｓcertａiｎｌｙis not an eａsy woｒk，becaｕse cerｔainｌy does not ｈavｅtoａll people to sａy ｉｎｆact ａll iｓｔｈe ｍost superiｏｒopｅratinｇaｒeａanｄthe oｐeratｉng proｃｅsｓ.Another imｐortaｎｔquestiｏn, proｊｅct ｅngiｎeer mｕst bｅａbleｔｏｃarｒy on the exchanｇe anｄthe ｃonsultａtioｎwith other concerned persoｎnel. Ｉn the in ｉtiaｌstａge，dｅsignｓthｅpｅrｓonnel tｏｈaｖe to carry on tｈｅexｃhａnge anｄthe cｏｎsuｌtation ｏｎtｈe prelimiｎary deｓigｎwitｈthe aｄmｉniｓtｒatｉve perｓonnel,and iｓａｐprovｅｄ. Tｈｉs ｇenerally ｉs tｈroｕgh ｔhｅorａl ｄiｓcussion，the sｃhematic diagraｍand the wriｔiｎg ｍaterｉａl cａrrｉes ｏn. Ｉｆfｒont sｕｅs,thｅｍaｃhｉnｅdesigｎgoaｌｉs the ｐｒoduction can meｅt the huｍａn nｅeｄthe product. The inventiｏｎ，tｈe dｉscovｅｒy ａｎd teｃｈｎｉcａl ｋnowｌedｇe ｉtself certａinly ｎot necesｓarｉｌy ｃａn bｒing the advaｎtａge tｏthe humａnｉtｙ,onｌy hａs wｈen they ａre applｉｅd ｃanｐro ｄucｅｏn ｔhe prodｕｃt ｔｈe beｎefit. Tｈus，should rｅalｉzｅtｏcarrｉeｓｏｎｂefore tｈｅdeｓignｉn ａｓpｅcific pro ｄｕcｔ, mｕｓt fiｒst dｅｔermiｎe wｈetheｒtｈe peoplｅdo need tｈｉs kind ｏf proｄuctＭuｓt regard asｔhe macｈine dｅｓigｎis tｈｅmachine desiｇn personnelｃarrieｓon usinｇｃｒｅative abiliｔy tｈe ｐrodｕｃt desiｇn，thｅsystem ａｎａlysis and a foｒmulａtioｎprｏduct ｍanufacｔure teｃhnology ｇooｄopporｔｕnｉｔy．Grasｐs the p ｒojeｃt ｅｌementaｒy kｎowleｄge to have to mｅmoｒize some dａｔa ａndｔheｆｏrmula iｓmorｅimpoｒtanｔthａn.Thｅmerelyｓerｖice dａtaａnd theｆormｕlaｉs insufficient tｏthe coｍpletely decision which ｍaｋes in ａgoｏd desｉgn ｎeｅds. On theｏｔｈer hａnd, should beｅarnest pｒｅcisｅｌy cａrrｉes on all opeｒations．For ｅｘample，eveｎｉｆpｌaces wronｇa decimal point positiｏn, aｌso cａn cａｕse tｈｅｃorrect deｓiｇntoｔurn ｗronｇly.Ａgood ｄesign ｐersonnｅl sｈoｕld darｅtｏpropose ｔhｅnew idea，moｒeover ｉsｗiｌling to uｎderｔakｅthe certaiｎｒisk，whｅn the nｅw method ｉsｎot suitable，use original ｍethｏd．Thｅrｅfore, deｓigns the ｐersonnｅl to have ｔｏhａve to have tｈe paｔiｅｎce,beｃaｕsｅspｅnds thｅtiｍe aｎd the endｅavor certaiｎlｙcannoｔguaｒanｔee brings sｕccｅssｆｕｌlｙ. Ａｂrand-ｎew desigｎ, the rｅquesｔscrｅｅｎaｂandonｓobｓo ｌｅteｌy many, knoｗs veｒy wｅll the meｔhｏd ｆor tｈｅpeople．Ｂecａuｓe many persｏｎoｆｃｏnservativeｎeｓs，does this cｅｒtainly is not an easy ｍatter. A mechanｉcal dｅsignerｓh ｏulｄuncｅasinｇly ｅxploｒe the impｒovemenｔeｘｉstiｎg prodｕct ｔhe method, should ｅarnesｔｌｙchoｏsｅｏriｇｉnalｌy，tｈe procｅｓs confirmatｉoｎｐｒinｃｉple oｆdesign in ｔhis ｐrocess, wｉｔh has not unifieｄit ａfter theｃonfirmａｔion new id ｅa.外文论文翻译译文机械设计摘要:机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。