专题7 阅读理解Ⅳ：篇章结构题【构建知识体系】2012-2017年全国高考本专题考查分布明细统计【考纲解读】【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向[2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practicedeversince. A manwhohas not had a chance to go swimming for years canstillswim as well as ever when he gets backin the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years andstill ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law ofoverlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playingbaseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words suchas "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not onlylearn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a studentmay learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almosteverything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development.68.The author explains the law of overlearning by_________.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples【答案】68. D【解析】【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题，很少出现此类题型，但这一题型在地方高考和模拟试题中时有出现，因此不排除2017年全国高考试题可能会①设置1道篇章结构题，考查考生对整个篇章或其中的某个段落结构和脉络的把握。

②题型设置主要是让考生分析某一段落或全文的结构或写作方法，也可能让考生试着猜测紧接着最后一段可能会写什么内容。

【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点考点篇章结构题【例1】According to sociologists(社会学家)，every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification(阶层)．Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.Class means a person’s economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well.One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class.Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500,000 a year and a bus driver earning $50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people.Obviously，people in positions of great power (such as governors) exercise(行使) big power，but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however.For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding(相应的) economic class.Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U．S.Senate!Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society.It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so.For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.(2013·陕西，C)56．Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?(P：Paragraph)【答案】A【例2】Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practicedeversince. A manwhohas not had a chance to go swimming for years canstill swim as well as ever when he gets backin the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years andstill ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.One explanation is the law ofoverlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playingbaseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words suchas "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not onlylearn but overlearn.The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a studentmay learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almosteverything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for one's future development. （2012全国卷Ⅰ，D）68.The author explains the law of overlearning by_________.A. presenting research findingsB. setting down general rulesC. making a comparisonD. using examples【答案】68. D【解析】【例3】The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the world’s supply of water.With 97% of the world’s water too salty to be drunk or used i n agriculture，the worldwide supply of water needs careful management，especially in agriculture.Although the idea of a water shortage(短缺) seems strange to someone fortunate enough to live in a high rainfall country，many of the world’s agriculture industries experience constant water shortages.Although dams can be built to store water for agricultural use in dry areas and dry seasons，the costs of water redistribution(重新分配) are very high.Not only is there the cost of the engineering itself，but there is also an environmental cost to be considered.Where valleys(山谷) are flooded to create dams，houses are lost and wildlife homes destroyed.Besides，water may flow easily through pipes to fields，but it cannot be transported from one side of the world to the other.Each country must therefore rely on the management of its own water to supply its farming requirements.This is particularly troubling for countries with agricultural industries in areas dependent on irrigation(灌溉).In Texas，farmers’ overuse of irrigation water has resulted in a 25% reduction of the water stores.In the Central Valley area of southwestern USA，a huge water engineering project provided water for farming in dry valleys，but much of the water use has been poorly managed. Saudi Arabia’s attempts to grow wheat in desert areas have seen the pumping of huge quantities of irrigation water from underground reserves.Because there is no rainfall in these areas，such reserves can only decrease，and it is believed that fifty years of pumping will see them run dry.（2010安徽卷，E）74.What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A.Steps to improve water use management.B.Ways to reduce the costs of building dams.C.Measures to deal with worldwide water shortages.D.Approaches to handle the pressure on water supply.【答案】A规律方法：如何分析段落层次段落层次、写作方法和行文走势？解答此类题目首先要了解文章结构，从段落组织方式上看，有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。