科学史上个著名的梦————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:ﻩ科学史上第一个著名的梦德国化学家凯库勒(F.A.Kekule,1829-1896)是一位极富想像力的学者,他曾提出了碳原子四价学说和碳原子之间可以相连成-C-C-链状结构这一重要学说。
German chemist Kekule(F.A.Kekule ,1829-1896) is a very imaginative scholar.ﻫHehad put forward the theory oft etravalentcarbon atoms and the important doctrineof carbon atomscanbe connected into-CC- chainstructure.1865年,他提出了苯的环状结构学说,他认为苯的结构可想像为6个链形碳原子闭合而成。
也就是我们现在所说的凯库勒式.In 1865, he proposedthe benzenering structure doctrine,he believedthat 6 chaincarbon atoms closed made thestructure of benzene. That wasthe Kekule style.他曾经提出了多种开链式结构而又因其与实验结果不符而被一一否定所有的证据都表明苯分子非常对称,6个碳原子和6个氢原子完全对称地排列、形成稳定的分子。
He has proposed a varietyofopen-chain structures and denie dthem because they did not match with the experimentalresults.All theevidence showed that the benzene molecule are very symmetrical, 6 carbonatoms and thesix hydrogen atoms are completelysymmetrically arrangedto forma stable molecule.关于凯库勒悟出苯分子的环状结构的经过,一直是化学史上的一个趣闻。
据他自己说这来自于一个梦。
那是1864年他在比利时的根特大学任教时,一天夜晚,他在书房中壁炉前打起了瞌睡,眼前又出现了碳原子和分子们开始在幻觉中跳舞,一条碳原子链像蛇一样咬住自己的尾巴,在他眼前旋转不停。
他像触电般地猛醒过来,明白了苯分子是一个环。
对此,凯库勒说:“我们应该会做梦!……那么我们就可以发现真理,……但不要在清醒的理智检验之前,就宣布我们的梦。
”The history of Kekule realizedthe ringstructure of thebenzene moleculewas an anecdote..That was in1864,he taughtatthe University of Ghent in Belgium,one night,hedozedoff inthedenin front of the fireplace.the carbonatoms and molecules began to d anceinillusion and a chain of carbon atomsliked asnake bi tits own tail appeared , revolvedin his eyes. He wakeup like electric shock,understoodthe benzenemolecule was a ring.In thisregard,Kekulesaid: "We should be dreaming! ......Then we canfind thetruth...But donot announce our dreams before inspections ."科学史上第二个著名的梦1869年2月,化学王国的宪法--元素周期律。
当时已经发现了63种元素,科学家无可避免地要想到,自然界是否存在某种规律,使元素能够有序地分门别类、各得其所?In 1869 February, the constitution of thekingdom of chemical ---element periodic law. At that time ,alreadydiscovered63 kinds of elements, the scientists would h ave tothink about whether there was alaw of nature, so that the elements can be arranged, orderly, play their proper roles?35岁的化学教授门捷列夫苦苦思索着这个问题,在疲倦中进入了梦乡。
在梦里他看到一张表,元素们纷纷落在合适的格子里。
醒来后他立刻记下了这个表的设计理念:元素的性质随原子序数的递增,呈现有规律的变化。
门捷列夫在他的表里为未知元素留下了空位,后来,很快就有新元素来填充,各种性质与他的预言惊人地吻合。
At theage of 35, thechemistry professor Mendeleev strug gled with the question, in tired in sleep.In the dream he saw a form, the elementsfell in the right box. When heawoke he immediately wrotedown the table design concept:the properties of the elements with atomicnumbersincreased, presentingaregular change.Mendeleev leftavacancy in his vocabulary for the unknown elements , then, a new element appeared filling the variety ,and consistent to his prophecies strikingly .科学史上第三个著名的梦1921年复活节星期天之前的夜晚,奥地利生物学家洛伊从梦中醒来,抓过一张纸迷迷糊糊地写了些东西,倒下去又睡着了。
早上6点钟,他突然想到自己昨夜记下了一些极其重要的东西,却怎么也看不明白自己写的是些什么鬼画符。
幸运的是,第二天凌晨3点,逃走的新思想又回来了,它是一个实验的设计方法,可以用来验证洛伊17年前提出的某个假说是否正确。
The night before the 1921 Easter Sunday ,Austria biologistRoy woke up froma dream,grabbed a piece of paper absently and wrotesomething,and then fall as leep again. At six o'clock in the morning, it suddenly o ccurred to him thathe did write down some important things,but cannot understand himself. Fortunately, th every next day at 3 am, the new thought cameback again, it isanexperimental design method.洛伊赶紧起床,跑到实验室,杀掉了两只青蛙,取出蛙心泡在生理盐水里,其中一号带着迷走神经,二号不带。
用电极刺激一号心脏的迷走神经使心脏跳动变慢,几分钟后把泡着它的盐水移到二号心脏所在的容器里,结果二号心脏的跳动也放慢了。
这个实验表明,神经并不直接作用于肌肉,而是通过释放化学物质来起作用,一号心脏的迷走神经受刺激时产生了某些物质,它们溶解在盐水里,对二号心脏产生了作用。
神经冲动的化学传递就这样被发现了,它开启了一个全新的研究领域,并使洛伊获得1936年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖。
Roy gotup, wentto the lab,killedtwo frogs,took the fr og hearts soaked insaline,wherein onewith thevagusnerve(NO.1),the other without(NO.2). Electrode stimulation vagus nerve of NO.1thatcausedthe heart to beat slow, a few minuteslater,moveditssaline to containers ofNO.2,then the heartbeat of NO.2 also sloweddown. This experiment showed that,nerve does notdirectly act onthe muscle,but throughthe release of chemical substances,cardiacvagal stimulation caused certain substances of NO.1, they dissolved insaline, did impact on NO.2 . Chemicaltransmission ofnerve impulseswere found,it openedup a whole new field ofresearch,and made Roy won theNobel Prizein physiology and medicine in1936.科学史上第四个著名的梦在工业化的服装生产出现之前,人们概念里的缝纫针都是一样的:穿线的洞开在与针尖相反的一头,因此针穿过布料的时候,线最后才穿过。
对手工缝纫来说这没什么问题,但工业化的缝纫机需要让线先穿过布料。
当时的发明家们采用了双头针或多针的方法,但都效率不高。
In industrialized production before appearing,people in the conceptof a sewing needle is the same: the threading open with tip insteadof a head, so the needlethrough thecloth when, before finallypassing through line. For sewing it noproblem, but theindustrial sewing machine needsto let the line through the cloth. The inventors have the double needle or needle method, but th eefficiency is nothigh.19世纪40年代,美国人埃利亚斯.豪在不能解决这个问题的困恼中入睡,梦见一帮野蛮人要砍掉他的头或煮他来吃。