上海市晋元中学2021届高三9月月考英语试题II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Exploring BeyondFollowing the call of our restless genes has not ended well for all explorers. The British explorer Captain James Cook died in a fight with Hawaiians ten years after he received the precious map from Tupaia. His death, some say, brought to a close (21) ________ Western historians call the Age of Exploration. Yet it hardly (22) ________ (end) our exploring. We have remained enthusiastic about filling in the Earth's maps; reaching its farthest poles, highest peaks, and deepest trenches（海沟）; sailing to its every corner and then flying off the planet entirely. With the NASA Rover Curiosity now (23) ________ (stir) us all as it explores Mars, some countries and private companies are preparing to send humans to the red planet as well. Some visionaries even talk of having a spacecraft (24) ________ (send) to the nearest star.NASA's Michael Barratt - a doctor, diver, and jet pilot; a sailor for 40 years; an astronaut for 12 - is among those (25) ________ ache to go to Mars. Barratt consciously sees himself as an explorer Cook and Tupaia. "We're doing what (26) ________ did," he says. "It works this way at every point in human history. A society develops an enabling technology, (27) ________ it's the ability to preserve and carry food or build a ship or launch a rocket."Not all of us (28) ________ ride a rocket or sail the infinite sea, Yet, (29) ________ a species, we're curious enough and interested enough by the prospect to help pay for the trip and cheer at the voyagers' return. Yes, we hope to find a better place to live or acquire a larger territory or make a fortune. But we also explore simply (30) ________ (discover) what's there.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Undercover WingsThe nocturnal（夜间活动的）dot-under wind moth（蛾）may use shape-shifting patterns on its winds as a way to attract mates in the dark. In a study published last September in Current Biology, scientists report the __31__ on males' fore-wings of three patches（色斑）that change darkness and size when viewed from particular angles. In females, the entire fore-wing darkens.Although butterfly and moth species that are active during the day are known to employ visual effects to communicate, researchers had thought their nocturnal cousins relied almost __32__ on chemical signals because of the lack of light. But these __33__ wing patterns, now found for the first time in a nocturnal moth, suggest the insects may also use visual signals. Because only the males have this pattern, researchers say it is likely a(n) __34__ selected mechanism.Jennifer Kelley, an ecologist based at the University of Western Australia, and her colleagues first noticed the visual phenomenon while looking at museum moth specimens（标本）for another project. "As soon as we figured the effect was angel - __35__, we knew that no understand how it works, we had to understand the __36__ physics," Kelley says. The group contacted Gerd Schroder-Turk and Bodo Wilts, who are physicists at Murdoch University in Perth and the Adolphe Merkle Institute in Switzerland respectively.Together the researchers found that when the wings are viewed from above, they __37__ available light directly, like a dull mirror. When viewed from an angle, however, they let some of the light through to reveal a deeper layer of darkness, which __38__ as patches on the male's wings. If the insects were to beat their wings __39__ - a common behavior among males approaching potential mates - the patches would flash on and off, creating a striking signal even in very __40__ light.III. Reading ComprehensionsSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage, there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When you are stuck on a problem, sometimes it is best to stop thinking about it - consciously, anyway. Research has shown that taking a break or a nap can help the brain create __41__ to a solution. Now a mew study __42__ on the effect of this so-called incubation（潜伏期）by using sound cues to focus the sleeping mind on a targeted problem.When humans sleep, parts of the brain replay certain memories, strengthening and transforming them. About a decade ago researchers developed a technique, called targeted memory reactivation (TMR), aimed at further enhancing __43__ memories: when a sound becomes associated with a memory and is later played during sleep, that memory gets __44__. In a study published last November in Psychological Science, scientists tested whether __45__ the memory of a puzzle during sleep might also improve problem - solving.About 60 participants visited the laboratory before and after a night of __46__. First, they__47__ spatial, verbal and conceptual puzzles, with a distinct music clip repeating in the background for each, until they had worked on six puzzles they could not solve. Overnight they wore electrodes（电极）to detect slow-wave sleep, which may be important for memory enhancement - and a device played the sounds __48__ to three of the six unsolved puzzles. The next day, back at the lab, the participants attempted the six puzzles again. (Each repeated the experiment with a different set of puzzles the following night.) All told, the subjects solved 32 percent of the sound - stimulated puzzles compared with 21 percent of the __49__ puzzles.The researchers "very bravely went for quite complex tasks that involved a lot of complex processing, and remarkably they found these really strong effects in all of their __50__", says Penny Lewis, a psychologist at Cardiff University, who was not involved in the research. "These are super-cool results. Now we need to go out and try to understand them by firstly replicating（复制）them and secondly trying to __51__ the component processes that are actually being influenced."Beyond providing new evidence that humans restructure memories while sleeping, the research may have __52__ implications. "In a futuristic world, maybe TMR could help us use sleep to work on our problems," says lead author Kristin Sanders, who was a graduate student at Northwestern University during the study. Sleep-monitoring technology is increasingly accessible - and even without devices, prospective solves can focus on important problems before __53__.Still, sleep is not __54__; people need to do their homework and load their heads with thepuzzle pieces involved. "I'm not going to solve cancer with this technique," Sanders says, "because I am totally __55__ cancer research."41. A. applications B. commitment C. attention D. pathways42. A. counts B. expands C. insists D. passes43. A. treasured B. selected C. devoted D. shortened44. A. dimmed B. stored C. reactivated D. researched45. A. neglecting B. examining C. erasing D. revisiting46. A. sleep B. experiment C. training D. relaxation47. A. created B. solved C. attempted D. classified48. A. assigned B. transformed C. explained D. introduced49. A. unsettled B. untargeted C. unstated D. untested50. A. puzzles B. brains C. processes D. tasks51. A. work out B. turn to C. take on D. bring about52. A. individual B. conceptual C. practical D. collective53. A. dinner B. dawn C. bed D. schooling54. A. significant B. magic C. fixed D. possible55. A. dependent on B. curious about C. interested in D. ignorant ofSection BDirections: Read the following two passage. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)I confess I hesitated when the editor in chief of The New York Times Magazine told me in late 2014 that I would be editing a new front-of-book column called Letter of Recommendation, about stuff people really like. The column was the brainchild of our staff writer, Sam Anderson, he explained. Sam figured that there was no shortage of places to find out what writers hate but few spaces for writers to talk about what they love. We would push against this trend, 900 words a week, 40-someting times per year.The reason for my hesitation was a simple, unfortunate fact about writing. Writing aboutthings you hate is easy: not just fun, but generative. The criticism tends to entertain, even if you disagree, but the ode doesn't. The writerly tone is well-suited to our age, but it's hard not to see it as a collective defense mechanism - as if revealing your true feelings exposes your unmentionable secrets to the public. Obsessions（喜欢）, meanwhile, are inseparable from our peculiarities as people - we come to love things for often weird reasons. When the column really works, it's as revealing about the author as it is its subject. One writer, a man in his late 30s, for example, recommended Pedialyte, which he drinks to balance the effects of both drinking and exercise, and to cheat his way back to youth.I probably see somewhere between three and five Letter of Recommendation pitches a day. It's a great spot for trying out new writers in the magazine, so I try my best to keep up with all the email, but I often fail. (I feel genuinely terrible about this every day of my life.) Determining which to assign involves seeing how it meets the various criteria we've settled on over the years. We don't like the column to be timely -- everything else in the world is timely. But on the other hand, we need to put a headline on the thing that people might reasonably recognize, stop and read about. There should be a personal angle to the recommendation, but also some universally recommendable aspect. But then again, it shouldn't be too recommendable: this isn't a column for life-hacks. The recommendation itself should be attractively unexpected - "sideways," as editors are perhaps too fond of saying - but really, it's just an excuse to cut brilliant writers loose to amuse or inspire us.56. Sam Anderson proposed a column called Letter of Recommendation because he found________.A. the fashion trend was not easy to push against.B. there was a shortage of good quality columnsC. writers could hardly find a place to share their likesD. his brainchild could sometimes increase readership57. The word "ode" (in paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ________.A. praiseB. blameC. hesitationD. determination58. Why is the writer in his late 30s mentioned in paragraph 2?A. To give an example of the writerly tone.B. To highlight the way that the column selects writers.C. To show how a collective defense mechanism works.D. To illustrate how writers reveal themselves in the column.59. The writer hopes that in the column, ________.A. the recommended items are quite familiar to readersB. the recommended items should follow the latest trendC. readers can learn about life skills from the recommendationsD. readers will find the recommendations beyond their expectation(B)LilyStudying abroad is an area that is becoming increasingly interesting for researchers, as more students are choosing to do a semester, a year or even a degree in another country. In my research, I set out to establish whether young people attending a course abroad acquire more global awareness than students enrolled on similar courses in their home country. Using a comparative study of 50 Canadian undergraduates, half of whom studied abroad for varying lengths of time, there were shown to be considering gains in global awareness and these were not only noted by the students themselves but also their tutors.ThomasMy research project asked ten students starting a year of study abroad to keep a daily record of their experiences. Having begun the diary a month before leaving home they continued it for a month after they returned. The primary reason for studying abroad in all cases was to polish their language skills. The students were allowed to write as freely as they wished by were asked to include comments on their language learning experience as well as on the strategies they used to cope with living in a new culture. Analysing the diaries, we found remarkably similar patterns. All the participants demonstrate a gradual recognition and acceptance of difference in other cultures and a new objectivity about their own culture as a result of their experience.JasmineThis paper reports on some research carried out last year into why students choose a period of study abroad, their reasons for selecting a specific destination, their behaviour when abroad and the extent to which the experience matches their expectations. Having administered aquestionnaire to 1,000 international students studying at a number of universities in Australia, we got 696 responses. An initial analysis of the responses has revealed some interesting data suggesting that the key factor affecting all the areas we were investigating was the individual's personality and study interests. Country of origin and gender proved less significant than expected.JimmyThis research looked at the career paths of 35 young business people who had spent part of their university course at a foreign educational institution in order to ascertain whether those people had acquired greater cross - cultural perspectives through their experience of study abroad. Concerned about the lack of cultural awareness of their staff, a group of US business corporations proposed the research. The results are less conclusive than expected, but they do suggest that a period of study in a foreign country may help students to develop the cross-cultural awareness that US employers currently seek.60. The passage is mainly about four researchers' findings to ________.A. the reasons for young students to study abroadB. the impact and effects of studying in another countryC. the trend of more students furthering their study abroadD. the interest of students who once studied in another country61. ________ used the subjects' personal account as the research material.A. LilyB. ThomasC. JasmineD. Jimmy62. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. Most of the researchers found the students global awareness increased.B. All of the researchers took a reserved attitude towards studying abroad.C. None of the researchers thought gender played a role in student's choice.D. Only one of the researchers did research on the subjects' career development.(C)When antibiotics（抗生素）first became available, framers used them freely. Now scientists know that the overuse of antibiotics can cultivate drug-resistant bacteria that are dangerous tohuman health. Among debates over what kinds of restrictions should be put in place, figuring out how antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolve and make their way to humans remains an area of intense interest.Jo Handelsman is tracing one such pathway that, as she puts it, travels from "farm to table." Handelsman, a microbiologist who is now associate director for science at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, looked into dairy cows, which are often treated with antibiotics and produce manure（排泄物）that farmers use on their crops. In addition to nutrients, that fertilizer may harbor antibiotic-resistant bacteria - a problem because the bacteria can come into contact with plants that are finally shipped to supermarkets and sometimes eaten raw.To find out how those antibiotic-resistant bacteria come to exist, Handelsman and her colleagues at Yale University added manure from a nearby Connecticut farm to raised beds of soil in 2013. In this case, the manure specifically came from cows that were not treated with antibiotics. The researchers unexpectedly found that there were more soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes when they were grown with the manure than when they were grown with synthetic nitrogen-based fertilize-even though the cows were drug-free.Previous research had found that manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contains resistant bacteria, but the cow-pie results suggest there are more factors promoting resistance besides antibiotic use. Something about manure itself may encourage naturally resistant bacteria to increase.The findings should not, however, give the impression that resistance is everywhere, notes Lance Price, a microbiologist at George Washington University (who was not involved in the study). "We can control this. There's very clear evidence that when we turn off the antibiotic tap, we bring down drug-resistant bacteria," says Lance.Next on the farm-to-table schedule, Handelsman will test whether radishes grown in soil treated with cow manure are capable of taking up resistant genes from bacteria through their vascular system（循环系统）. "They have veins（血管）just like us," she says. "We don't have any evidence yet that they're taking up the bacteria, but it's a really interesting possibility."63. What does Jo Handelsman's research focus on?A. How antibiotics makes its way onto our table.B. What restrictions should be put on antibiotics use.C. How antibiotics - resistant bacteria reach human beings.D. What damage the overuse of antibiotics does to humans.64. What did Jo's research find?A. Drug-free cows produced manure with antibiotic-resistant bacteria.B. Synthetic nitrogen-based fertilizer did more good to the environment.C. Soil bacteria carrying antibiotic-resistant genes were increasing with time.D. Manure from pigs treated with antibiotics contained fewer resistant bacteria.65. Lance Price is quoted in the passage in order to ________.A. provide more evidence that drug-resistance bacteria are dangerousB. suggest another possible explanation to the antibiotics problemsC. emphasize the importance of feeding cows with no antibioticsD. show that the research findings may not be that worrisome66. Which of the following statements is Jo most likely to agree with?A. It is very likely that widespread resistance to antibiotics is not inevitable.B. Plants grown in soil fertilized with cow manure may contain drug-resistant genes.C. There is possibility that radishes take up resistant genes wherever they are planted.D. The vascular system plays a key role in guarding radishes against bacteria.Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Washing the dishes 'can help you live longer in later years'Even a small increase in light activity, such as washing dishes or a little gentle gardening, might help lower the risk of an early death among older adults, researchers say."It is important for elderly people, who might not be able to do much moderate intensity activity, that just moving around and doing light intensity activity will have strong effects and is beneficial," said Ulf Ekelund, a professor and first author of the study at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. However, the study finds that there is more "bang for your buck" if you engage in intense activity compared with light activity. ________67________Published in the BMJ, the latest research involved a review of eight studies encompassing a total of more than 36,000 people with an average age of almost 63 years. Participants were followed for five to six years; 2,149 deaths wer3e recorded. Crucially, all of the studies involved monitoring the physical activity of individuals who had activity trackers. ________68________.For each study participants were split into four equal-sized groups, based on the total amount of time spent active, and the risk of death assessed, taking into account factors such as age, gender, body mass index, and socioeconomic status. This was then repeated for an amount of activity at different levels of intensity. The results were analysed together to give an overview.________69________ The results held for different intensities of activity. The team said the study supported the message "sit less and move more and more often."________70________ It only looked at the situation for middle age and older adults, most of whom lived in the US or Europe, and some of the effect could be due to those people with a higher risk of death being less likely to engage in physical activity. Physical activity levels also were only measured over one period of time.IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following three passages. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The Useful BeanDo you know what the common factor in bee food, vinyl plastic, and tofu is? It is soybean. Some part of the soybean is used in these products as well as many other edible（可以食用的）and nonedible products.The soybean is also considered to be one of the multipurpose and hardy plants. It can grow inlow-quality soil. Throughout the life of the plant, a release of nutrients throughout plant roots makes soil more fertile. Soybeans are also very high in protein. With its hardiness, soil benefits, high-protein content, and various uses, some people believe the soybean will become the greatest weapon against world hunger.There are three standard procedures taken from the soybean plant - oil, protein, and whole soybeans. Oil is used for edible purposes such as cooking oil and salad dressing. Industries make nonedible use of soybean oil by adding to antistatic sprays, printer ink, and shampoo. One significant nonedible use of soybean oil is the making of vinyl plastics. Vinyl is used to make everything from credit cards and garden hoses to computer parts.Protein from the soybean is also used in edible and nonedible products. Edible uses for the protein include baby foods and hypoallergenic milk. Even animals benefit: bee food and fish food contain protein from the soybean. Some industries use the protein for nonedible purposes such as cosmetics, adhesives, yarn, and water-based paints.Items made using whole soybeans are the most commonly recognized product of the soybean plant. Whole soybeans are used to make food-for people and animals. Grocery stores carry a variety of foods made with whole soybeans. Some of these items are pancake flour, coffee, soymilk, soy sauce and tofu.As the versatility（多用途）and hardiness of this bean gains popularity, more uses of soybean products will certainly be discovered.V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72. 在他看来，值得投资的是体验，而不是物品。