[考研类试卷]英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编6一、翻译1 Translate the following passage into Chinese．(中国人民大学2005研，考试科目：基础英语)TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FINTEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN is a new generation of modelling foundation, which refines facial contours while illuminating the complexion with a pearl-like radiance. Its ultra-fine and silky texture glides smoothly onto the skin to adorn it with a powdered veil.A RADIANT COMPLEXIONA pearl extract, whose composition is close to the NMF(Natural Moisturizing Factor), helps reinforce the skin's natural hydration: the skin is perfectly hydrated and comfortable all day long. Light reflecting pigments create a "halo" , which optically smoothes out the skin's surface, thus reducing small imperfections:the complexion is even, translucent and brightened.A REDEFINITION OF FACIAL CONTOURSBi-reflecting pigments enliven features, and redefine facial contours while playing with light and shadow. The reflection highlight the round areas of the face(forehead, cheekbones, chin). The amber reflection shapes the face by enhancing the shadowy areas(cheeks, sides of nose). Facial contours are re-sculpted, features are refined.A FRESH STAY-TRUE COMPLEXION ALL DAY LONGTEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN provides exceptional softness to touch and ensures a flawless finish.The presence of "long radiance "pigments coated with silica helps color last for hours. This coating acts as a shield against sebum and perspiration production, main causes of shade tarnishing. The long-lasting matt finish is ensured by a combination of "anti-shine"powders characterized by their softness and absorbing properties. Sunscreens(SPF 20)protect the skin from UVA and UVB and help preserve the complexion's fairness. The complexion remains fresh and radiant throughout the day.AN ADJUSTABLE MAKE-UP FINISHApply TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN after your regular day care. The double sided applicator enables you to adjust the coverage according to your mood.—Dry sponge for a natural and light make-up finish.—Damp sponge for a more sophisticated and flawless finish.—Puff side for touch-ups during the day. A rapid, unifying and matifying application, without creating a masklike look.Be careful to frequently wash the sponge with soap and water and to let it dry completely after use.2 Translate the following passage into Chinese．(中国人民大学2004研，考试科目：基础英语)The laptop computer is a small, portable computer that's light and small enough to hold on your lap. It is smaller than a luggage but larger than a notebook computer. A laptop usually weighs between 8 and 14 pounds, and when folded shut is about the size of a small briefcase. Laptops can be plugged in or run on batteries, although the batteries must be recharged every few hours. Laptop computers use a thin, light weight display screen called a flat-panel display, rather than the cathode ray tube technology of larger personal computers. Laptop displays vary widely in quality. Typically, their display screens show fewer lines than displays on larger computers and can be difficult to read in bright light. Laptops are self-contained units, having their own CPUs, memory, and disk drives. While more expensive than a desktop computer with equivalent computing power, a laptop can be ideal for the on-the-go user who needs a second, portable computer. Laptops aren't always a suitable replacement for desktop computer, since they can't be expanded or modified easily should your computing needs change. Also, the display is inferior to standard video graphics array(VGA)displays, although active matrix displays compete well except for size.3 Translation from English to Chinese．(北京师范大学2008研，考试科目：英语语言文学)The establishment of communication between people belonging to different speech communities has long been an important form of linguistic performance. Under the influence of the Department of "Theoretical and Applied Linguistics" of Karl-Marx University of Leipzig, the word Translation recently made its way into the German language: this word is now often, though not generally used in the German speaking world as an umbrella term for translating and interpreting to denote interlingual communication. Little is known about the beginnings of Translation: it is known only that interpreting, i. e. the oral form of Translation, is older than its written counterpart: under what conditions the first interlingual language contacts took place, however, what factors played a role(commercial, military, political, cultural), and how individual speech communities developed such language contacts, are all questions whose answers are of a largely hypothetical nature and can thus easily get lost in the realm of mythological or theological speculation. This can easily lead to mistaking cause for effect, as for example in the biblical story of the building of the Tower of Babel:"...men were not scattered around because they could not understand one another's speech. They could not understand one another because they were scattered: in the(Babel)story cause and effect have been turned around".(Wolfram Wilss: The Science of Translation)4 Translate the following passage into chinese．(北京师范大学2007研，考试科目：英语语言文学)Telling stories is as basic to human beings as eating. More so, in fact, for while food makes us live, stories are what make our lives worth living. They are what make our condition human.This was recognized from the very beginnings of western civilization. Hesiod tells us how the founding myths were invented to explain how the world came to be and how we came to be in it. Myths were stories people told themselves in order to explain themselves to themselves and to others. But it was Aristotle who first developed this insight into a philosophical position when he argued, in his Poetics, that the art of storytelling—defined as the dramatic imitating and plotting of human action—is what gives us a shareable world.It is, in short, only when haphazard happenings are transformed into story, and thus made memorable over time, that we become full agents of our history. This becoming historical involves a transition from the flux of events into a meaningful social or political community—what Aristotle and the Greeks called a polis. Without this transition from nature to narrative, from time suffered to time enacted and enunciated, it is debatable whether a merely biological life could ever be considered a truly human one.5 Translate the following into Chinese．(北京师范大学2007研，考试科目：基础英语)It is essential for our apprentice to remember that, though he begins with the vilest hack-work—writing scoffing paragraphs, or advertising pamphlets, or free-lance snippets for the papers—that even in hack-work quality shows itself to those competent to judge:and he need not always subdue his gold to the lead in which he works. Moreover, conscience and intent are surprisingly true and sane. If he follows the suggestions of his own inward, he will generally be right. Moreover again, no one can help him as much as he can help himself. There is no job in the writing world that he cannot have if he really wants it. Writing about something he intimately knows is a sound principle. Hugh Wal-pole, that greatly gifted novelist taught school after leaving Cambridge, and very sensibly began by writing about school teaching. If you care to see how well he did it, read The Gods and Mr. Perrin. I would propose this test to the would-be writer:Does he feel, honestly, that he could write as convincingly about his own tract of life(whatever it may be)as Walpole wrote about that boy's school? If so, he has a true vocation for literature.The first and most necessary equipment of any writer, be he reporter, advertising copy-man, poet, or historian, is swift, lively, accurate observation. And since consciousness is a rapid, shallow river which we can only rarely dam up deep enough to go swimming and take our ease, it is his positive need(unless he is a genius who can afford to let drift away much of his only source of gold)to keep a note-book handy for the sieving and skimmingof this running stream. Samuel Butler has good advice on this topic. Of ideas, he says, you must throw salt on their tails, or they fly away and you never see their bright plumage again. Poems, stories, epigrams, all the happiest freaks of the mind, flit by on wings and at haphazard instants. They must be caught in the air...6 Translate the following passage into Chinese．(北京师范大学2006研，考试科目：英语语言文学)From republican Rome onward, translation has been used in language teaching in the European educational system. Though the practice has for some time been abandoned, its long dominance has helped define thinking on translation in Europe and the Americas. It has defined that thinking mainly in terms of "right" or "wrong" , "faithful" or "free", and other rigid categories. It did so because institutions(the church, the state and its educational system)were interested in ensuring that the books most often translated were translated in the "right" way, that the translation of, say, the Bible and Roman classics were "faithful". Such a tradition is forced to neglect all kinds of other aspects connected with the phenomenon of translation, a circumstance that could teach us many things about how cultures and literatures function.This book tries to deal with translation in a way that goes beyond right or wrong. In this introduction, I try to explain why, and I try to show that the approach I advocate can incorporate older approaches, complement them, and make them more fruitful for future research. I must first ask the reader to imagine the translation of literature as taking place not in a vacuum in which two languages meet but, rather, in the context of all the traditions of the two literatures.7 Translate the following English passage into Chinese．Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET．(对外经济贸易大学2013研，考试科目：基础英语)You may have learned that in June 2007, the U. S. Government began to investigate BAE Systems for a possible violation of the Business Practices and Reports Act. This law replaced the Anti-Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which was commonly known as the anti-bribery law. The intent is to enhance the image of the United States, and reduce the cost of doing business by reducing bribery by U. S. exporting companies. The primary means of enforcement is by the record-keeping requirements that are built into the law. Essentially, this law makes it illegal for U. S. exporters to bribe foreign officials to do something that is not one of their normal functions. Of course, the definitions of bribe, foreign official, and other terms are critical. It is legal to give a small payment to a foreign customs inspector to get your shipment cleared expeditiously. The small payment would not be considered a bribe, the customs inspector would not be considered a foreign official(not high enough in the hierarchy), and clearing your shipment expeditiously is anormal function for inspectors. It is not legal to give the brother of the minister of health several thousand dollars to bring about the purchase of your line of antibiotics. If your foreign sales agent pays a bribe and you didn't know about it, you can be held accountable if the Department of Justice believes that you should have known about it. Most U. S. Government officials have understood that not being able to offer bribes puts U. S. firms at a competitive disadvantage with regard to firms of other countries. Therefore, the law has not been enforced very diligently(and it is a hard one to enforce anyway). Still, there have been major convictions with regard to, for example, selling aircraft to the Netherlands and selling petroleum equipment to Mexico. Other countries have been joining the United States in trying to reduce corruption. This has been a subject of interest in international trade agreements for the past 60 years.In 1998, the Anti-Bribery and Fair Competition Act was passed. Essentially, it directs the U. S. government to try to reduce the amount of corruption on a worldwide basis. The more successful this effort is, the less need there will be for American companies to engage in corrupt practices. This will be good for nearly everyone except those who have been receiving the bribes.8 Translate the following English passage into Chinese．(对外经济贸易大学2012研，考试科目：基础英语)Most textiles and apparel, cheese, chocolate, and a few other products are subject to U. S. import quotas. They serve to protect domestic industry by limiting the supply and therefore raising the prices of foreign products to U. S. consumers, and by allocating production among supplying countries. For example, a quota on Swiss cheese and so permits other countries to take part of the market.Foreign governments need systems for deciding which of their companies will be able to use their quotas in the U. S. Market, and, of course, they want to get the highest possible value of exports from the allowable quantities. They use different systems to allocate quotas, including auctioning them in blocks. Holders of quotas are often allowed to sell them to other suppliers, who hope to get higher prices from their U. S. Buyers. Customs and Border Protection helps many countries entrance their quota arrangements by requiring that import shipments of quota goods be accompanied by visas issued by the designated authorities in the exporting countries. This means that if your shipment of canned tuna from Thailand reaches U. S. Customs and there is no visa among the documents, it probably cannot be entered. You can apply to the Thai consulate for a visa, but it will not be granted unless the responsible agency in Bangkok gives its approval. If you get tangled up in the Electronic Certification System(eCERT)and the Electronic Visa Information System(ELVIS), you will probably wish it were the Elvis from Graceland, not Customs.Classification specialists in district Customs offices should know the details of quotas on the items they handle, but even they cannot always tell you the annual quota on a specificitem from a specific country or how much of the year's quota is still unfilled. They can, however, translate the HS number of your product into a "Quota Category Number" and tell you where to look to find the quota level and its current status of fulfillment.9 Translate the following English passage into Chinese．(对外经济贸易大学2011研，考试科目：基础英语)BANKS have endured a brutal nine months since credit markets froze in August. Losses and write-downs already total $335 billion: many of their best businesses have disappeared. In developed economies, almost all banks are facing economic and regulatory headwinds that will cut revenues and jobs. Yet the biggest danger facing Western finance is not a fall in its earning power but a loss of faith in how it works.Two criticisms assail the industry, one based on fairness and the other on efficiency. The first argues that finance is rigged to enrich bankers, rather than their customers, shareholders or the economy at large. Some worry about the way bonuses are calculated: others about moral hazard. Bankers will take wild bets because they know they will be bailed out by the taxpayer. Look at Bear Stearns or Northern Rock.The second, deeper question is whether a market-based approach to finance is efficient. Some Chinese officials claim the Western system has been shown up by the crisis. This week Germany's president demanded that the "monster" of financial markets "be put back in its place" : bankers had caused a "massive destruction of assets. " The critics do not lack ammunition. The lapses in credit-underwriting in the subprime-mortgage market hardly reflect a wise allocation of capital. The opacity of the shadow banking system and the mind-boggling complexity of those toxic asset-backed products have raised doubts about the discipline of the market.10 Translate the following English passage into Chinese．(对外经济贸易大学2010研，考试科目：基础英语)The economist Alan Krueger, author of a new book called "What Makes a Terrorist?" explores this phenomenon with a systematic study of the evidence. He concludes that terrorists, political extremists and those who commit hate crimes are often relatively well-to-do.This is a difficult thing to prove, not least because each of those categories is controversial and there is a world of difference between, say, Northern Ireland and Sri Lanka, Krueger dips into different sources of data, each one imperfect, trying to build up a compelling picture from opinion polls, biographies of terrorists and broader studies. Opinion polls from Gaza and the West Bank, conducted last week show that students and professionals are more likely than the unemployed or laborers to say that terrorism can be justified, and more likely to deny that a suicide bombing in a Tel Aviv night club should be described as "a terrorist act".When a graduate student at Princeton, the young economist Claude Berrebi gathered data on more than 40 Palestinian suicide bombers: he concluded that they were far better educated than the typical Palestinian, and also richer. Krueger offers a complementary picture using biographies of 129 fighters killed in action, although not necessarily while attempting a terrorist attack. They, too, were somewhat better educated and less likely to be poor than the typical young Lebanese man of the time.All in all, the research that Krueger gathers together suggests that if there is a link between poverty, education and terrorism, it is the opposite of the one popularly assumed. We should not be surprised to find that terrorists can add up, read, and even write prescriptions.11 Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese．(北京外国语大学2013研，考试科目：英语基础测试(技能))Shakespeare starts by assuming that to make yourself powerless is to invite an attack. This does not mean that everyone will turn against you, but in all probability someone will. If you throw away your weapons, some less scrupulous person will pick them up. If you turn the other cheek, you will get a harder blow on it than you got on the first one. This does not always happen, but it is to be expected, and you ought not to complain if it does happen. The second blow is, so to speak, part of the act of turning the other cheek. First of all, therefore, there is the vulgar, common-sense moral "Don't relinquish power: don't give away your lands. " But there is also another moral. Shakespeare never utters it in so many words, and it does not very much matter whether he was fully aware of it:" Give a-way your lands if you want to, but don't expect to gain happiness by doing so. Probably you won't gain happiness. If you live for others, you must live for other, and not as a roundabout way of getting advantage for yourself. "12 Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese．(北京外国语大学2012研，考试科目：综合技能测试)We sometimes fall in with persons who have seen much of the world, and of the men who, in their day, have played a conspicuous part in it, but who generalize nothing, and have no observation, in the true sense of the word. They abound in information in detail, curious and entertaining, about men and things, and, having lived under the influence of no very clear or settled principles, religious or political, they speak of every one and everything, only as so many phenomena, which are complete in themselves, and lead to nothing, not discussing any truth, or instructing the hearer, but simply talking. No one would say that these persons, well informed as they are, had attained to any great culture or intellect or to philosophy.13 Please read the following passage and translate it into Chinese．(北京外国语大学2011研，考试科目：英语基础测试<技能>)Did these prejudices prevail only among the meanest and lowest of the people, perhaps they might be excused, as they have few, if any, opportunities of correcting them by reading, traveling, or conversing with foreigners: but the misfortune is, that they infect the minds, and influence the conduct even of our gentlemen: of those, I mean, who have every title to this appellation but an exemption from prejudice, which, however, in my opinion, ought to be regarded as the characteristic mark of a gentleman: for let a man's birth be ever so high, his station ever so exalted, or his fortune ever so large, yet if he is not free from national and other prejudices, I should make bold to tell him, that he had a low and vulgar mind, and had no just claim to the character of a gentleman. And in fact, you will always find that those are most apt to boast of national merit, who have little or no merit of their own to depend on, than which, to be sure, nothing is more natural: the slender vine twists around the sturdy oak for no other reason in the world but because it has not strength sufficient to support itself.14 Translate the following passages into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet．(北京外国语大学2010研，考试科目：翻译理论与实践)An effort on the scale of the Apollo mission that sent men to the Moon is needed if humanity is to have a fighting chance of surviving the ravages of climate change. The stakes are high, as, without sustainable growth, "billions of people will be condemned to poverty and much of civilization will collapse". This is the stark warning from the biggest single report to look at the future of the planet. According to the report, the effects of climate change are worsening—by 2025 there could be three billion people without adequate water as the population rises still further. And massive urbanization, increased encroachment on animal territory, and concentrated livestock production could trigger new pandemics.Nevertheless, there are answers to our global challenges although decisions are still not being made on the scale necessary to address them. Three great transitions would help both the world economy and its natural environment— to shift as much as possible from freshwater agriculture to saltwater agriculture: produce healthier meat without the need to grow animals: and replace gasoline cars with electric cars.(Excerpt from The Planet's Future by Jonathan Owen)15 Translate the following passages into Chinese and write your translation on the answer sheet．(北京外国语大学2010研，考试科目：翻译理论与实践)Now when one looks at how modern Chinese literature in English translation is presented to readers there is no room for satisfaction at all. To be sure, there are lots of courses in Chinese, Asian, comparative, or world literature in translation taught in colleges anduniversities, especially in North America, and the quantity of available translations is now considerable—but it would be hard to argue that Chinese writing from the present century has won any place worth speaking of in the general literary culture of our countries. I would argue that this is due both to some characteristics of the product range itself and to poor marketing. To put it crudely, Anglophone readers have generally been offered not what is better than and different from their own and cognate literatures, but inferior imitations and adaptations of nineteenth-and twentieth-century Western models. Why should anyone not interested in China of the 1920s and 1930s make the effort to read Cao Yu, Mao Dun, or Ba Jin?I am here not arguing that Cao Yu's, Mao Dun's, and Ba Jin's writing is something to be dismissed: twentieth-century Chinese literature would be much poorer for their absence. But if any of these writers is offered in translation as a great writer, if their works are presented to foreign readers as some of the peaks of twentieth-century Chinese writing, we can hardly expect the readers to come back clamoring for more. We can complain as much as we like about their prejudice and ignorance, and regret that they will not make the effort and the allowances needed to get pleasure from books such as these, but that will do nothing to change things. For offering the wrong part of the product range to Anglophone readers has probably set back the emergence of a sizable demand for Chinese writing. Badly chosen examples of Chinese writing work not as appetizers and allurement but as inoculations that build up the mind's resistance to further explorations.(329 words. Excerpt from Insuperable Barriers? Some Thoughts on the Reception of Chinese Writing in English Translation by W. J. F. Jenner)16 Translate the following passages into Chinese．(北京外国语大学2008研，考试科目：英汉互译<笔译>)Rising Above the Gathering StormExecutive SummaryThe United States takes deserved pride in the vitality of its economy, which forms the foundation of our high quality of life, our national security, and our hope that our children and grandchildren will inherit ever-greater opportunities. That vitality is derived in large part from the productivity of well-trained people and the steady stream of scientific and technical innovations they produce. Without high-quality, knowledge-intensive jobs and the innovative enterprises that lead to discovery and new technology, our economy will suffer and our people will face a lower standard of living. Economic studies conducted even before the information-technology revolution have shown that as much as 85% of measured growth in U. S. income per capita was due to technological change.Today, Americans are feeling the gradual and subtle effects of globalization that challenge the economic and strategic leadership that the United States has enjoyed since World War II. A substantial portion of our workforce finds itself in direct competition forjobs with lower-wage workers around the globe, and leading-edge scientific and engineering work is being accomplished in many parts of the world.17 What Does Translation Theory Do?Theory first, is to identify and define a translation problem(no problem—no translation theory!): second, to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem: third, to list all the possible translation procedures: finally, to recommend the most suitable translation procedure, plus the appropriate translation.Translation is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to consider all the factors, within the text and outside it, before coming to a decision.I close this chapter by enumerating the new elements in translation now, as opposed to, say, at the beginning of the century:(1)The emphasis on the readership and the setting, and therefore on naturalness, ease of understanding and an appropriate register, when these factors are appropriate.(2)Expansion of topics beyond the religious, the literary and the scientific to technology, trade, current events, publicity, propaganda, in fact to virtually every topic of writing. (3)Increase in variety of text formats, from books(including plays and poems)to articles, papers, contracts, treaties, laws, notices, instructions, advertisements, publicity, recipes, letters, reports, business forums, documents, etc.18 Translation．(北京科技大学2008研，考试科目：基础英语)"Time" , says the proverb "is money" . This means that every moment well-spent may put some money into our pockets. If our time is usefully employed, it will either turn out some useful and important piece of work which will fetch its price in the market, or it will add to our experience and increase our capacities so as to enable us to earn money when the proper opportunity comes. There can thus be no doubt that time is convertible into money. Let those who think nothing of wasting time, remember this: let them remember that an hour misspent is equivalent to the loss of a banknote: and that an hour utilized is tantamount to so much silver or gold: and then they will probably think twice before they give their consent to the loss of any part of their time.19 Translate the following passage from English into Chinese．(北京科技大学2007研，考试科目：基础英语)The object of this essay is to assert one very simple principle as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind is warranted , individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any。