非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。

非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。

一、不定式的定义及用法(to do)1.做主语动词不定式做主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，常用结构为：It + be + adj. (+for sb. / of sb) + to do sth.; It + takes/took + sb. + some time + to do sth1) It took us four hours to finish the work.2) It’s so convenient to be able to compare the quality and prices from different online shops.3) It is bad for us to become addicted to cigerattes.注意：形式主语结构中如果使用表示人的品质的形容词，如kind, nice, clever等时，应当使用of sb.的结构。

It is very nice of you to help me with the project.2.做宾语(1)有些动词后常跟不定式作宾语need to do sth需要做...decide to do sth决定做...agree to do sth赞同做...aim to do sth目的在于做...attempt to do sth试图做..tend to do sth倾向于做...pretend to do sth假装做...refuse to do sth拒绝做...expect to do sth期待做...还有determine, fail, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, promise, seem, hope, wish等等；I tend to set a goal for every subject at the beginning of each term.I have a top 10 reading list and I try to keep it updated.When I set out to do something, I do my best to achieve it.(2)有些复合结构中，可用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语——不定式后置句型结构为：主语+ make, find, feel, believe, consider, think + it +adj/n. + to do sth.I believe it useless to agree with him.I feel it my duty to help others.I consider it important to keep learning.I think it interesting to surf the Internet.(3)“疑问词（how，when，where，what，who）+不定式”结构作动词或介词的宾语Tom taught me how to play football.Have you decided where to have the meeting？I do not know what to do next.I do not know whom to ask about it.Will you please tell me which bus to take？I doubt whether to buy a new watch.“疑问词+不定式”结构常用作下列动词的宾语：advise，decide，discuss，explain，forget，know，learn，remember，show，teach，tell，wonder，doubt3.做宾语补足语(1)动词+ 宾语+ 带to的动词不定式有这种用法的动词有：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, intend, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn等。

She asked me to stay there.He wants these kids to learn to boast（夸）about themselves.My mother keeps telling me to go out with my school friends.(2)动词短语+ 宾语+ 带to的动词不定式有这种用法的动词短语有：arrange for, ask for, call on, count on, depend on, long for, rely on, wait for等。

I’m waiting for you to reply.She asks for teachers to help her.We call on all people to protect environment.(3)表示见解、看法的动词+ 宾语+ 带to的动词不定式有这种用法的动词有：believe, consider, declare, discover, feel, find, imagine, judge, suppose,think, understand等。

We found the rumor to be true. 我们发现这个传闻是真的。

注意：感官动词和使役动词+ 宾语+ 不带to的不定式(1)有这种用法的感官动词有：see, notice, watch, look at, observe, hear, listen to, feel 等I like to listen to the birds sing when I get up early in the morning.I saw the boys play basketball in the playground just now.(2)有这种用法的使役动词有：make, have, let 等Don’t make the children do such heavy work.Let’s go and play.4.做状语（1）做目的状语After school, I try to use any possible time to revise the things I have learnt during the day.He studies hard to enter a great university.I go on the Internet to search for more information.To find out more information about it, visit this website.（2）做结果状语不定式短语表示结果时，常与only 连用，暗示一种意外的结果Tom took a taxi to the airport, only to find his plane high up in the sky.Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn’t fit.5.做后置定语The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.I just got off work. I’m about to get something to eat.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.I don’t trust his promise to come for a visit.后接不定式作定语的名词(1)由可跟不定式作宾语的动词派生或转化而来的抽象名词：attempt，claim，decision，desire，determination，failure，hope，intention，need，plan，promise，refusal，resolution，tendency，treat，wish(2)由可跟不定式作状语的形容词派生或转化而来的名词：ability，ambition，anxiety，curiosity，eagerness，impatience，patience，reluctance，willingness(3)后接不定式说明其内容的名词：campaign，chance，courage，effort，evidence，fight，means，measure，move，movement，opportunity，position，power，reason，right，skill，struggle，strength，time，way练习1．（2022·黑龙江齐齐哈尔·二模）The book has inspired Nina _______________ ( spend) the next year trying to become her own biggest fan and writing about the thirty things that she is truly proud about herself.2．（2022·甘肃兰州·一模）China’s accumulated experience in reducing food loss and waste is being shared with the world. This knowledge will help many countries improve theirability_______________ (reduce) food loss and ensure food security, experts and officials said. 3．（2022·福建省福州三模）______________ (satisfy) the diverse tastes of today’s youth, sellers are putting fancy decorations on this ancient costume. But others said clothing with fancy and modern decorations can’t be seen as hanfu at all.4. (2022·广东梅州·一模）Somehow I forced my finger ______________ (press) the button. 5．（2022·河南新乡·二模）The first creature _______________ (orbit) our planet was just 2 years old. Her name was Laika. She was a good dog.6．(2020年浙江卷1月)The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected__________________(increase) to 42 by 2050.7. (2020年北京卷)It takes them hundreds of years__________________(break) down.8. (2021年北京卷)Much of this increase can be due to climate change. The findings show a critical need ______________ (invest) in disaster prevention.9. (2021全国乙卷)Accommodations aim __________________(have) a low impact on the natural environment.10．（2022年全国乙卷）_____________(strengthen)the connection with young people, the event included a number of public promotional activities on social media, _________(invite)twenty-nine tea professionals from around the world to have thirty-six hours of uninterrupted live broadcasts. 11．（2022年全国甲卷）A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step _____________ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.12. (2022年全新高考I卷)The plan will extend protection to a significant numberof areas that were previously unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giantpandas under one authority ____________ (increase) effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.13．A pitcher needs to throw the ball with one hand and _____________ (wear) a baseball glove on the other—something that Jim couldn’t do.14. —I hope to take the computer course.—Good idea. ________ (find out) more about it, visit this website.15.He is thought ________(act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.16.The boy pretended__________________(finish) his homework.17.We mustn’t pretend__________________(know) what we don’t know.18.With a lot of difficult problems___________，he can't get home early. (settle)19.The road is covered with some fallen tress and they need _______________(remove) immediately.20.It is impossible___________(persuade) Peter to change his mind.答案：1. to spend 2. to reduce 3. To satisfy 4. to press 5. to orbit 6. to increase 7. to break 8. to invest 9. to have 10. To strengthen; inviting 11. to journey 12. to increase 13. to wear 14. To find out 15. to act 16. to finish 17. to know 18. to settle 19. to be removed 20. to persuade二、动名词动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。