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慢性骨髓炎(ChronicOsteomyelitis)

慢性骨髓炎(ChronicOsteomyelitis)书上说:你一个苹果,我一个苹果,我们交换一下,还是一人一个苹果;你一个思想,我一个思想,我们交换一下,却能产生两个想法。

外科技术的发展和抗生素的合理使用,在外伤后导致的慢性骨髓炎病例总数并没有显著减少,这或许和交通事故及城市建设都有关系。

但和19世纪早期,开放性骨折患者的较高死亡率相比,我们毋庸置疑,感觉到了医学的进步给人类带来的收益。

在基层,我们遇到一些这样的病例,如何规范化治疗是我们需要遵循的。

今天为大家总结一篇慢性骨髓炎的文章,希望大家能在其中能学到一些有用的知识。

Bone setter髓炎常见致病菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,当然也有分枝杆菌和真菌感染等其他微生物引起。

急性骨髓炎和血源性骨髓炎:两者常互换使用,特点:无死骨形成。

慢性骨髓炎:提示存在骨坏死的骨内感染。

但是慢性骨髓炎多为创伤性感染所致,也可由急性转为慢性。

因此创伤后的、外源性的及慢性的是经常互换使用。

开放性骨折的Gustilo分型中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型的感染可能性为2%,Ⅲ型中感染的可能性为10%-50%Ⅲ型损伤的感染率和如下有关①骨折端缺少覆盖②创面污染严重③不恰当的冲洗④骨折端的不稳定Although it is known that a vascular insult predisposes person to the development of chronic osteomyelitis, this progression should not be viewed solely as an inverse correlation between blood flow and risk of infection. In any acute inflammatory process, the balance between host and microbe is determined in large part by the efficacy of the immune response to the infectious challenge. Patients suffering from a disorder of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, for example, have been shown to be at an increased risk for the development and progression of osteomyelitis. In one series of 42 children with chronic granulomatous disease, the authors identified 13 patients who had osteomyelitis.134 Other immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients,73,154 patients with end-stage renal disease, and those receiving chemotherapy18 also seem to be at an increased risk. Although human immunodeficiency virus infection has not been identified as an independent risk factor in developing osteomyelitis,92 skeletal infection in this population is clearly associated with a more severe clinical course with elevated morbidity and mortality.血源性骨髓炎在感染早期,微生物渗透长管状骨的终动脉并繁殖,从而引起炎症反应。

炎症细胞涌入骨管内,导致骨内压升高,出现明显的疼痛,并继而演变成慢性骨髓炎,因为这时候可以出现死骨形成。

如今抗生素的使用使得这些过程难以进展。

慢性骨髓炎发病机制第一步:病原微生物的入侵,穿过宿主的外层防御皮肤和粘膜(开放性骨折就是这一过程)。

同时细菌需要粘附,并释放蛋白受体,和宿主胶原蛋白结合。

死骨上会有大量的细菌附着,因此感染约严重,死骨越多,形成恶性进展。

鼻腔和肛门处存在大量的金黄色葡萄球菌S. aureus and S. epidermidis are elements of normal skin flora, with S. aureus in greater numbers in the nares and anal mucosa and S. epidermidis moreprevalent on the skin.Cierny-Mader索尼曼德分期分类系统①受累骨的解剖范围②宿主的免疫活性(分为A、B、C 3级)骨髓炎的四种解剖分类Ⅰ、髓型Ⅱ、浅表型Ⅲ、局限型Ⅳ、弥漫型初步检查病史检查培养平片实验室检查进一步影像学检查核医学CT/MRIOsteomyelitis of the femur showing characteristic radiolucent lesions with cortical erosion and periosteal reaction. A, Coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with fat saturation showing low signal intensity in femoral diaphysis.B, Coronal T1-weighted MRI with fat saturation postcontrast showing enhancement of femoral diaphysiswith nonenhancing abscess.Modifiable risk factors for surgical site infection感染风险邻近感染灶围手术期贫血HIV尿路感染耐甲氧西林肥胖吸烟口腔问题类风湿性关节炎治疗决策慢性骨髓炎的最终治疗包括手术清除所有失活组织填充由清创形成的死腔,提供适当的软组织覆盖物,稳定骨折和骨折不愈合;应用抗生素Infection Control :Repeated débridement Antibiotic depot Systemic antibioticsOsseous Defect Management:Cancellous bone grafting Free vascularized bone graft Distraction osteogenesis Osteoinductive agentsWound Management:Primary closure Secondary intention Myocutanous flap Free muscle flap Negative-pressure dressings Dead-space managementSkeletal Stabilization :Splint Functional brace External fixation Internal fixation当处置患有慢性骨髓炎的患者时首先要明确可能保留患肢。

患者能否耐受常常反复清创的过程。

最后还需要告知即使采取保肢治疗其结果也有可能还是要截肢。

截肢(Amputation)Technique切口在术前需要进行设计逐个间隔的操作离断胫腓骨处理的时候腓骨需要向近端多解除几厘米或者胫腓骨远端进行融合;对于动脉常规进行缝扎对于神经需要向远端牵拉、结扎、切断,任其回缩至近端。

对于不同部位的截肢术式择期进行总结,在此不再赘述。

保肢(Limb Salvage)1.彻底清除坏死组织2.稳定患肢骨3.术中组织取样培养4.处置死腔5.软组织覆盖6.肢体重建7.系统抗菌素使用经窦道注射亚甲蓝后根据亚甲蓝走形进行探查(但是部分教授不支持这样的处理方式)骨折端的稳定创面覆盖抗生素骨水泥珠链case1通过去除髓内钉固定后,用抗生素骨水泥和钢针制作相同直径的髓内器具,进行抗炎治疗。

严重控制满意后取出髓内器具,并在骨折端进行植骨,钢板固定,最终患者愈合良好,感染控制满意。

case2case3case4 papineau技术的运用49 岁左胫骨骨折患者经外固定治疗后左胫骨发生感染性假关节和表面皮肤坏死。

B,取出外固定装置,扩创手术清除坏死骨和软组织,胫骨骨缺损处行开放植骨术,使用加长外固定架固定;C,伤口愈合,无感染迹象;取出外固定前(D)和取出外固定后(E)X 线正位片显示骨折愈合。

37 岁患者患有胫骨感染性骨缺损,使用VSD 治疗后伤口长出新鲜肉芽组织;B,经VSD 治疗20 天后皮肤愈合情况;C,联合使用Ilizarov 骨搬移联合 Papineau 技术;D,临床照片显示小腿伤口愈合,无感染迹象;E,取出外固定架后的 X 线正位片显示骨折愈合。

case5 Masquelet 技术利用膜诱导技术进行膜内成骨,主要用于节段性缺损Despite the rising prevalence of chronic osteomyelitis, great progress has been made over the past century in understanding the disease, achieving a rapid and accurate diagnosis, and providing potentially limb-sparing interventions. We have gained improved insight into the complexity of the biofilm communities and their mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. We have improved access to advanced imaging including CT and MRI to allow diagnosis and localization of the infection. We have tested and improved our techniques of skeletal stabilization, soft tissue management, and discovered novel ways to control dead space while providing high local antibiotic concentrations. However, the battle has not been won and more challenges remain.尽管慢性骨髓炎的患病率上升,在过去的一个世纪里在理解这种疾病,实现快速、准确的诊断,并尽可能的提供保肢干预,已经取得了很大的进步。

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