汉语由动词加后缀构成的名词， 如读者、教师、打字员、观察家、修理工 ，用来指人，不再表示行为或动作，因而英 语这类名词往往要转换为汉语动词。
Examples


He is a good eater and a good sleeper 他能吃能睡 我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇。 She is the best hater I’ve ever known.
(以意统形)
形态型语言
(以形驭意)
Examples


If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了，春天还会远吗？ If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently. 早知今日, 何必当初。
被动与主动 ( Passive vs. Active )

英译汉 1. 译成汉语的主动句 2. 译成汉语的被动句
译成汉语的主动句


1.保留原主语: The book has been translated into dozens of foreign languages. 该书已译成十几种文字。 2.不保留原来的主语: A short play will be put on at the party. 晚会上要演一个小剧。 More highways will be built here. 这里要修更多的公路。 Dr. Wang's speech was copied into notebooks. 他们把王医生的演讲抄在笔记本里。
英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人 称主语。英语可用人称主语表达， 也常用非人称主语表达。用非人称 主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发 生在什么人身上”，而汉语则较常 用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么 人怎么样了”
Examples


1.What has happened to you? 你出了什么事啦？ 2.An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意。 3.Not a sound reached our ears． 我们没有听到任何声音。





4、用“加以”、“予以”来译 It must be dealt with at the appropriate time with appropriate means. 这个问题必须在适当的时候以适当的手段予以 处理。 5、用“遭( 到) ”、“受( 到) ”、“挨” 来译 His plan was laughed at by everyone who heard it. 他的计划遭到所有听到过的人的嘲笑。
Practice
The window was broken. 窗户被砸碎了。 The cup was broken. 杯子打了。 This pot is made of stainless steel. 这个锅是用不锈钢做的。 Measures have been taken. 已经采取措施了。 Enough attention has been paid to that problem. 那个问题已经引起了足够的重视。





名词优势造成造成介词优势，使英语的静 态倾向更为显著。 He is at his books. (He is reading books) 他在读书。 He has someone behind him. (Someone supports him) 有人给他撑腰。
物称与人称 ( Impersonal vs. Personal )
英语的这种被动句在译成汉语被动句时, 一 般都得 保留原主语, 借助汉语的被动介词“被”“为⋯⋯所 ”“加以”“予以”“遭”“受”“由”“给”“ 让”“挨”“叫”等形式, 根据不同情况和习惯用 法, 选择适当的词来译。


1、用“被”来译 Water is usually consider ed as being a compound of two elements. 水通常被认为是两种元素的化合物。 2、用“为⋯⋯所⋯⋯”来译 This proposal has been accepted by the leader. 这个建议已为领导所接受。 3.用“是⋯⋯的”形式来译 Radium was discouered in 1898. 镭是1898 年出现的。
形合和意合 ( Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis )

形合,指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言 形式手段(如关联词)连接起来,表达语法意 义和逻辑关系。 意合,指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式 手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通 过词语或分句的含义表达。

Contrast Between English and Chinese
Part 3
英汉对比与翻译研究 English-Chinese Contrast and Translation
英汉对比
1.形合和意合 ( Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis ) 2.静态与动态 ( Stative vs. Dynamic ) 3.物称与人称 ( Impersonal vs. Personal ) 4.被动与主动 ( Passive vs. Active )
Chinese
Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Parataxis
English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotaxis
语义型语言
Chinese
多用动词 叙述呈动态 (dynamic)
English
多用名词 叙述呈静态 (stative)
Examples

I am afraid of your misunderstanding me. 我担心你会误解我。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。


Examples

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他不老实, 我不能信任他。 Because he is not honest, I can't trust him.
有饭大家吃。 Let everybody share the food if there is any.


静态与动态 ( Stative vs. Dynamic )