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英语毕业论文APA文内引用格式规范

英语毕业论文APA文内引用格式规范1)引用语(引证)quotation范例:Critser (2003) noted that despite growing numbers of overweight Americans, many health care provides still “remain either in ignorance or outright denial about the health danger to the poor and the young” (p. 5).细节:页码说明跟在整个引用之后;句点不是直接跟在“young”后,而在括号的最后;p. 与5之间有空格。

规则:直接引用原作者的文字时,一定要用双引号,即使用signal phrase(以下简称sp)格式介绍引用。

格式要求:作者(时间)+引用语+圆括号中页码。

在sp中没有提到作者的姓名,整个引用的最后面统一用圆括号写出作者姓氏,时间,以及页码。

signal phrase主要使用的几种形式有:In the words of Carmona (2004), “. . .”As Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) have noted, “. . .”Hoppin and Taveras (2004) pointed out that “. . .”注意:signal phrase中使用的动词要用过去时态;常用到的动词有:point out;answer;note;claim;offer等等。

2)总结或概述范例:Yanovski and Yanovski (2002) explained that sibutramine suppressesappetite by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (p. 594).或者Sibutramine suppresses appetite by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain (Yanovski & Yanovski, 2002, p. 594).规则:APA所需信息包括以signal phrase格式标出作者的姓氏,年份。

注:页码或者其他形式的具体信息不必都有呈现,但至少应该有一项以确保读者能对引用更加清楚。

3)两个作者范例:According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), “environment factors may contribute as much as 80% to the causes of childhood obesity” (p. 104).或者 Obese children often engage in limited physical activity (Southern & Gordon, 2003, p. 104).规则:当所引用的资料中出现两个作者的时候,在每次引用时用(sp)格式写出两个作者的姓氏,年份或者每次引用时用圆括号的形式(即使用括号将信息在引用后列出)在最后写出两个作者的姓氏,年份,页码)注:在sp格式中使用连接词“and”,在括号中使用“&”。

4)三至五个作者范例:In 2003, Berkowitz, Wadden, Teshakovec, and Cronquist concluded, “sibutramine . . . must be carefully mentioned in adolescents,as in adults, to control increases in blood pressure and pulse rare” (p. 1811).As Berkowitz et al. (2003) advised, “until more extensive safety and efficacy data are available, . . . weight – loss medications should be used on an experimental basis for adolescents” (p. 1811).第一次提到此类引用时,使用sp格式的时候列出所有的作者姓氏或者用括号列出资源信息。

在随后提到的过程中只需列出第一个作者的姓氏,然后再后面加上“et al.”。

5)六个或六个以上的作者范例:McDuffie et al. (2002) tested 20 adolescents, aged 12-16, over a three-month period and found that orlistat, combined with behavioral therapy, produced an verage weight loss of 4.4 kg, or 9.7 pounds (p. 646). 规则:用sp姓氏或者圆括号形式直接写上第一个作者的姓氏然后再后面加上“et al.”6)作者不明的情况范例:Children struggling to control their weight must also struggle with the pressures of television advertising that, on the one hand, encourage the consumption of junk food and, on the other, celebrates thin celebrities (“Televison,” 2002).规则:如果所应用的资源的作者不明确时,有两种方法,第一:用sp 格式写出作品的题目;第二:用圆括号格式写出作品名的第一个或者前两个单词。

注意:第一,文章名和章节名用正体,省略后的文章或章节名用双引号;书名要用斜体。

第二,如果一篇文章的作者署名是匿名(anonymous),则默认此作者就叫做anonymous,按照正常格式写,并且在文后的Bibliography写anonymous。

7)作者为一组织时范例:Obesity puts children at risk for a number of medical complications, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and orthopedic problems (Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2004, p. 1).规则:如果作者是政府机关或者其他的机构组织,用sp格式写出组织名称,或者用圆括号格式写出(当你第一次引用)。

注意:如果这个机构或组织存在缩写,在第一次提到时需要再全称后用[]将缩写部分写入,下文中再次用到时只写缩写即可。

范例:First citation (National Institution of Mental Health [NIMH], 2001)Later citation (NIMH, 2001)8)一个圆括号中有两个或多个作品范例:Researches have indicated that studies of pharmacological treatments for childhood obesity are inconclusive (Berkowitz et al., 2003; McDuffie et al., 2002).规则:当你使用圆括号格式中提到了两个或多个作品时,按照在后面bibliography中要陈列的字母顺序将这些作者排列,并且用分号将其隔开。

9)当作者的姓氏相同时范例:Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that . . .规则:最后的bibliography list中有几个相同姓氏的作者时,在in-text 中的APA中,为避免困惑和歧义,写上姓名的首字母。

10)个人间的交流范例:One of Atkinson’s colleagu es, who has studied the effect of the media on children’s eating habits, has contended that advertisers for snack foods will need to design ads responsibly for their younger viewers (F. Johnson, personal communication, 2004, October 20).规则:当引用一些非著作的资料时(比如:邮件,访问,备忘录,信件,个人访谈等),需要在两种格式引用的基础上表明引用的形式。

细节:在最后的bibliography list中不必写出此类的引用。

11)一份电子文件范例:Atkinson (2001) found that children who spent at least four hours a day watching TV were less likely to engage in adequate physical activity during the week.情况1:作者不明这种情况,需用sp格式写上作品的名字或者用括号的格式写出作品名前一至两个单词,同6)和7)。

范例:The body’s basal metabolic rate, or BMR, is measure of its at-rest energy requirement (“Exercise,” 2003).情况2:日期不明此时,需要用no date缩写:“n.d.”范例:Attempts to establish a definitive link between television p rogramming and children’s eating habits have been problematic (Magnus, n.d.).情况3:页码不明APA一般需要在引用中标明页码、段码、行码等,尤其是使用总结概述的方式来表达所引用。

当引用的电子文件资源缺少页码时,引用时需要有能够让读者找到所引用的资源的确切位置。

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