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被动句的译法与合译拆译

被动句的译法(Passive-voice sentences)Expository writing:InstructionsManualsScientific readings1)译成被动句2)译成主动句试译下列句子:1. The compass was invented by Chinese long ago.很久以前,中国人发明了指南针。

2. The solution to the problem was finally found.这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。

3. That question needn’t be brought in.不必把这个问题牵涉进来。

4. Those who died for the country will be remembered forever by the people.那些为国捐躯的人们将被人民永久缅怀。

5. He was very naughty andwould be beaten almost every day.他很顽皮,几乎天天挨揍。

6. Where were you educated?你在哪里受的教育?英语中被动语态使用范围很广。

凡说不出施动者、不必说出施动者、不愿说出施动者或为了便于上下文连贯等,往往都用被动语态。

汉语中虽也有被动语态,但使用的频率远不如英语高,范围也不如英语广。

英语中,思维习惯强调客观。

而汉语强调主观,表达多用主动句。

因此,在英译汉时,许多英语被动句常译成主动句,但有时也可保持被动语态。

“被”字句主要是说明主语有所遭受,不是自愿的,因此只能表示不愉快,不幸,不愿意一类的行为。

例如:“花被他们拿走了。

”其含义有“不情愿”的意思。

而“花他们拿走了。

”含义有“本来就让他们来那”的意思。

英语中有的被动句没有把施动者表现出来。

而汉语则相反。

汉语“非真正有需要的时候不用无施动者的被动式。

”试比较:I am painting a flower.我在画花。

(√)The flower is being painted by me.花正在被我画。

(×)The flower is painted badly by me.花被我画坏了。

(√)The flower is painted well by me.花被我画好了。

(?)我把花画好了。

英语中有无施动者都是很自然的,而汉语中无施动者用“被”字就显得不自然,干脆把“被”字去掉, 倒显得更简洁, 更符合汉语的表达习惯。

所以,汉译时,在“被”字可用可不用时要大胆删去。

例如:The difficulties have been overcome.困难(被)克服了。

The tiger has been killed.老虎(被)打死了。

The fish was caught.鱼捉(被)住了。

再如:Mercury freezes if it is cooled to too low a temperature (below about -40℉) .如果水银(被)冷却到太低的温度(约低于华氏-40度)它就冻结。

英汉都有意义被动句(notional passive sentence)。

有些句子从语法结构上看是主动句,而从逻辑意义上来看,主语却是动词谓语所表示的动作的承受者。

如:The book sells well. 这书卖得快。

The flower smells nice.这种花闻着香。

A new building has been set up. 新楼(被)建起来了。

英语中那些用了被动语态的句子在翻译成汉语时, 我们可以根据汉语的语言习惯把被动语态转换成主动语态; 汉语中用主动语态的一些句子在翻译成英语时, 我们也可以根据具体情况把主动语态转换成被动语态。

就是所谓的转态译法/语态转换法(the change of voices)。

一)译成被动句:1)当英语被动句的意思是不愉快,有所遭受,特别是在句中出现施动者,就与汉语被动句的使用范围相吻合。

这时就译成汉语的被动句。

句中用介词或助词“被”、“叫”、“给”等引进施动者,或用“为……所”来翻译。

例如:The young woman wasabandoned by her husband.这个年青妇女被她丈夫遗弃了。

一)译成被动句:再如:The project on fibre-optic communication was canceled by them.光纤通讯的研究项目被他们取消了。

He was hated by all the villagers.他为全体村民所憎恨。

Sometimes the communication would be seriously disturbed bysolar spots.有时通讯会被日斑严重干扰。

一)译成被动句:2)英语被动句中虽无施动者,如果意思是有所遭受,也可译成被动词。

例如:If the DNA is destroyed, the cell can not divide, and will die.如果DNA被破坏,细胞就不能分裂,就会死去。

The words “work” and “power” are often confused or interchanged in colloquial use.在日常口语中,“功”和“功率”这两个词常被混淆或误用。

一)译成被动句:3)英语被动句不表示不愉快的意思,也无施动者,照例应译成主动句。

但是当句中有保留宾语或主语补足语,也可译成被动句。

例如:The method is thought necessary.这种方法被认为是必要的。

Radio waves are also known as radiant energy.无线电波也被认为是辐射能。

Heat is regarded as a form of energy.热被看作是能的一种形式。

一)译成被动句:4)由于现代汉语中被动句的使用范围,受到外来语的影响而扩大,所以有些表示愉快意思或中性意思的英语被动句有时也可译成被动句。

例:He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。

She was made a model worker.她被选为劳模。

一)译成被动句:4)译成“遭/受/挨/给/为…所”字句:例:They are good at us and we are never beaten.We are never slapped on the face/boxed on the ear/whipped/belted.他们对我们很好,我们从来没有挨过打。

His suggestion was opposed bymost of the present company.他的建议遭到在场多数人的反对。

一)译成被动句:4)译成“遭/受/挨/给/为…所”字句:例:To prevent the Old Beijing from being destroyed, Mao Zedong was determined to liberate it peacefully.为避免北京古城遭到破坏,毛泽东力主北京的和平解放。

He can’t write anything, for his pen and paper had been taken away.他已无法写任何东西,因为纸和笔已给拿走了。

一)译成被动句:4)译成“遭/受/挨/给/为…所”字句:例:Our foreign policy is supported by the Third World Countries. 我们的外交政策受到第三世界国家的支持。

He who runs against history willbe finally cast away by it.逆历史潮流而动的人终将为历史所抛弃。

He was loved by all.他受到大家的爱戴。

二)译成主动句:1)没有动作的发出者,译成无主句:例:A laser is used to produce very powerful beams of light.可用激光器来产生极强的光速. No work can be done withoutenergy.没有能量就不能做功。

When work is done against friction, heat is produced.当克服摩擦而作功时, 就产生热。

二)译成主动句:1)没有动作的发出者,译成无主句:再如:Water can be shown as containing impurities.可以证明水含有杂质。

Very often, introductions are made using both first and last names.介绍的时候往往是连名带姓。

二)译成主动句:2)英语被动句中无施动者,译成无主句不符合习惯,因此可在译文里加泛指人称代词或名词“他们”、“我们”、“你们”、“人家”、“别人”、“有人”等作主语。

例如:The mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy by a generator.人们利用发电机可将机械能转化为电能。

二)译成主动句:再如:At one time it was thought that all atoms of the same element were exactly alike.人们曾认为同一种元素的所有原子都是完全相同的。

The metal, iron in particular, is known to be an important material in engineering.大家知道,金属,特别是铁,是工程方面的重要材料。

二)译成主动句:3)英语中的主语译成汉语的宾语,介词by后面的宾语译成主语. 例如:Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能放出热和光。

Light and heat can be given to us by the sun.太阳供给我们光和热。

二)译成主动句:再如:So far, nearly 1,000 drop-outs have been aided by the Fund.迄今为止,这个基金会资助了近千名辍学儿童。

The little island was occupied in a few hours by the invaders.侵略者几小时就占领了小岛。

Peace is desired by everyone all over the world.全世界的人都渴望和平。

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