第2章音位学2.1 复习笔记本章要点：1. Speech Organs发音器官2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and Allophones音位和音位变体4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features音系规则和区别特征5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation音节结构、重音和语调本章考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法。
2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位的对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音(词重音、句子重音)；音高和语调。
本章内容索引：I. The phonic medium of languageII. Phonetics1. The definition of phonetics2. Three research fields3. Organs of speech▼4. Voiceless sounds▼5. Voiced sounds6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions7. Classification of English speech sounds(1) Definition(2) Classification of English consonants(3) Classification of English vowelsIII. Phonology1. Relationship between Phonology and phonetics2. Phone, phoneme3. Allophone4. Some rules in phonology(1) Sequential rules(2) Assimilation rule(3) Deletion rule5. Supra-segmental features—stress, tone, intonation(1) Stress(2) Tone(3) IntonationI. The phonic medium of language（语言的语音媒介）II. Phonetics（语音学）1. The definition of phonetics（语音学的定义）Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.语音学被定义为对语言的语音媒介的研究；它涉及所有出现在世界语言中的声音。
2. Three research fields（三大研究领域）【考点：名词解释，区分三大领域】(1) Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.(2) Acoustic Phonetics is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.(3) Perceptual (Auditory) Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.(1)发音语言学研究语音的发生。
(2)声学语音学研究语音的物理特征。
(3)感知语音学(或听觉语音学)研究语音的感知。
3. Organs of speech（发音器官）【考点：根据图指出发音器官名称】Also known as Vocal Organs, are those parts of human body involved in the production of speech, including lungs, the trachea (or windpipe), the throat, the nose, and the mouth.是人体参与语音发生的部分，包括肺、气管、喉、鼻和口。
▼4. Voiceless sounds（清音）The sounds produced without causing vibration of the vocal cords.在发音过程中，发音时声带不振动，这样所发出的音叫做清音。
▼5. Voiced sounds（浊音）The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords.在发音过程中，发音时声带振动，这样所发出的音叫做浊音。
6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions（语音的正字表征——宽式和严式标音）The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into being at the end of 19 century. It provides two ways to transcribe speech sounds are now available:(1) Broad transcription: the transcription with letter symbols only, which is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.(2) Narrow transcription: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics, which is needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.十九世纪末期，国际音标( IPA )应运而生。
它提供了两种标音方式。
(1)宽式标音：只用字母符号来标音. 这种标音法通常用于一般性目的的字典和教材之中。
(2)严式标音：用字母符号和变音符一起来标音, 是语音学家们在其语音研究中需要并使用的标音法。
7. Classification of English speech sounds（英语语音的分类）【考点：描述给定元音，或者根据描述指出元音或辅音名称】An initial classification will divide the speech sounds in English into two broad categories vowelsand consonants.英语中的语音可以初步划分为两大类:元音和辅音。
▼(1) Definition（定义）①Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.②Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.①发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。
②发音时，声道不受任何压缩或阻碍，因此不会有气流的紊乱或停滞，由此产生的音叫做元音。
(2) Classification of English consonants（英语辅音的分类）①In terms of manners of articulation, consonants can be grouped into:stops: [p, b, t, ,d, k, g]fricatives: [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]affricates: [tʃ, dʒ]liquids: [l, r]nasals: [m, n, ŋ]glides: [w, j]①按发音方式分类，辅音可分为爆破音、擦音、擦塞音、流音、鼻音及滑音。
爆破音: [p, b, t, d, k, g]擦音: [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h]塞擦音：[tʃ, dʒ]流音：[l, r]鼻音: [m, n, ŋ]滑音：[w, j]②In terms of place of articulation, consonants can be grouped into bilabials,labiodentals, dentals, alveolars, palatals, velars, and glottal.bilabials: [p, b, m, w]labiodentals :[f, v]。