起重机日常维护与保养Routine Care and Maintenance of Crane（一）机构的润滑Lubrication of Mechanism起重机设备润滑情况的好坏直接影响起重机各机构的正常运转，同时与延长机件的寿命和促进安全生产有密切的关系。
因此，使用和维修人员必须经常检查各润滑点的润滑情况，按时用油枪通过各润滑点的油杯加油。
The lubrication condition of crane equipment directly affects the normal operation of crane mechanisms and is closely related to extending the service life of the mechanics and promoting safety in production. Therefore, the use and maintenance personnel must carry out regular checks on all lubrication points and fuel on time with oil gun through oil cups of the lubrication points.1．起重设备各润滑点的分布1. Distribution of lubrication points of hoisting equipment①吊钩滑轮轴；Hook pulley spindle②固定滑轮轴（小车架上）；Fixed pulley spindle (on the dolly frame)③钢丝绳；Steel rope④各减速器；Reducers⑤各齿轮联轴器；Gear couplings⑥各轴承箱（包括车轮组、卷筒组）；Bearing boxes (including group wheel and group reel)⑦电动机轴承；Motor bearing⑧制动器各节点和轴栓；Nodes and axle bolts of brake⑨电缆导电中滑车的轴承；Pulley bearing of electric cable⑩抓斗各铰点的轴。
Shafts of grab hinge joints2．润滑条件与润滑材料2. Lubricating condition and materials起重设备必须采用合适的润滑油脂，定期润滑和及时更换，润滑装置和各润滑点必须保持清洁。
下表所列为各机构主要零部件润滑时间的一般规定和推荐用的润滑材料：Appropriate lubricant grease must be used for hoisting equipment, which should be regularly lubricated and timely replaced; lubrication equipment and the lubrication points must be kept clean. The following table lists the general regulation on lubrication interval time of major components of various mechanisms and lubricating颁标准代号。
Note: the listed Q / SY series is the blem code of Lubricating Oil and Grease Factory in Yingkou City, Liaoning Province; SYB is the ministerial standard code of thePetroleum Department.（二）机构设备的维护和保养Care and Maintenance of Mechanical Equipment 1．钢丝绳1. Steel rope①．报废标准：按GB6067-85《起重机械安全规程》中有关规定执行。
Discard standard: according to the relevant provisions in GB6067-85 “Hoisting Machinery Safety Regulations”.钢丝绳使用的安全程度由下列项目判定（见2.5.1~2.5.10款）The security level of steel rope is determined by the following items （refer to2.5.1~2.5.10）a、断丝的性质和数量；Nature and number of filament breakageb、绳端断丝；Rope-end filament breakagec、断丝的局部聚集；Partial aggregation of filament breakaged、断丝的增加率；Increasing rate of filament breakagee、绳股断裂；Strand breakagef、由于绳芯损坏而引起的绳径减小；Reduction of rope diameter caused bythe damage of rope coreg、弹性减小；Reduction of elasticityh、外部及内部磨损；External and internal wear and teari、外部及内部腐蚀；External and internal corrosionj、变形；Deformationk、由于热或电弧造成的损坏。
Damages caused by heat or electric arc所有的均应考虑以上各项因素并遵循各自的标准。
然而，钢丝绳的损坏往往是由各个因素综合积累造成的，这就应由主管主管判别并决定钢丝绳是报废还是继续使用。
All the above factors should be taken into account and follow their respective standard. However, the damage of steel rope is often caused by the accumulation of various factors, which requires the superintendent to judge and decide to discard or continue to use the rope.在所有情况下，检验人员应弄清钢丝绳的损坏是否由机构上缺陷所造成，如果是这样，应建议在换新钢丝绳之前消除这缺陷。
In all cases, inspectors should ascertain whether the rope damage is caused by mechanism defects; if so, it should be recommended to eliminate the defect before replacing the rope.2.5.1绳端断丝Rope-end filament breakage当绳端或其附近出现断丝时，即使数量很少也表明该部位应力很高，可能是由于绳端安装不正确造成的，应查明损坏原因。
如果绳长允许，应将断丝的部位切去重新合理安装。
When filament breakage occurs at the rope end or nearby, even if there is only a small number, it also indicates that the stress of that part is very high, which may be because of the incorrect installation of rope end; the cause of damage should be identified. If the rope length allows, cut out the site where filament breakage occurs and conduct a reasonable re-installation.2.5.2断丝的局部聚集Partial aggregation of filament breakage如果数年丝紧靠一直形成局部聚集，则钢丝绳应报废。
如这种断丝聚集在小于6d的绳长范围内，或者集中在任一支绳股里，那么，即使断丝数比表列的数值少，钢丝绳也应予以报废。
If for years the filaments gather forming partial aggregation, the rope should be scrapped. If the filament breakage aggregates within the scope of rope length less than 6d, or concentrates in any one strand, even if the number of broken wires is less than the value listed in the table, the steel rope should also be scrapped.2.5.3断丝的增加率Increasing rate of filament breakage在某些使用场合，疲劳是引起钢丝绳损坏的主要原因，断丝则是在使用一个时期以后才开始出现但断丝数逐渐增加，其时间间隔越来越短。
在此情况下，为了判定断丝的增加率，应仔细检验并记录断丝增加情况。
判明这个“规律”可用来确定钢丝绳未来报废的日期。
In some use occasions, fatigue is the main reason causing the damage of steel wire rope; filament breakage begins to occur after a period of time, but the number of broken wires gradually increases and its interval time becomes shorter and shorter. In this case, in order to determine the increasing rate of broken wires, carefully inspect and record the increase of broken wires. Identifying this "law" can be used to determine the future scrapping date of steel rope.2.5.4绳股断裂Strand breakage如果出现整根绳股的断裂，则钢丝绳应报废。