不定式作定语的用法
(误)Theboy bringingus milk everydayis mybrother.
(正)Theboywho brings usmilk everydayis mybrother.
二、作状语
现在分词作状语,我们必须注意以下四点:
1.现在分词作状语与谓语动词的时间关系。
现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生时,现在分词用一般式。如:
现在分词作定语状语的用法
现在分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。现在分词用定语时相当于一个定语从句;作状语表示时间、原因、条件等时相当于一个状语从句。然而,我们在使用现在分词时应注意两方面的问题。
一、作定语
现在分词短语作定语通常置于所修饰的名词或代词之后,现在分词短语作后置定语时,应注意下列三点:
1.现在分词表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作是一先一后发生而不是同时发生时,不能用现在分词作定语,应使用定语从句表示。如:
不定式作定语的用法
———————————————————————————————— 作者:
———————————————————————————————— 日期:
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不定式作定语的用法
不定式及其短语作定语,与其他短语作定语一样,一般都放在被修饰的词之后,通常表示一个将来的动作,有时也可以表示某一过去的特定动作。ﻫ一些名词后常用不定式作定语,如:chance(机会),way(方法),time(时间)等;另外,thefirst,the second,the last,theonly等作名词或者它们作形容词用来修饰代词,它们或它们所修饰的代词后,也常用不定式作定语。ﻫ不定式作定语时,不定式与被修饰词之间存在的关系复杂,有的是主谓关系;有的是动宾关系;有的是动状关系,还有的不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系。ﻫ1、主谓关系的(1)Wemustfindapersonto dothework.
2.现在分词作状语与主语的关系。现在分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子主语必须保持一致。如果不一致,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构。如:
(2)Let"s find aroom to putthese things in (3)Ihaveno housetolive in.
(4)He has no pen towritewith.(5)There are five pairs tochoose from.ﻫ4、不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的被修饰词与不定式里的动词不存在主谓、动宾、动状关系的,被修饰词多是些抽象名词。(1)I have no timetogoto themovie.ﻫ(2)There"s noneedto sendforadoctor.(3)Where"sthe best placetomeet?ﻫ (4)Isthatthe wayto doit?(5)I"mnot sure about his ability to completethetask alone.
(误)Theteachercriticizedthestudenthaving brokenthewindow.
(正)Theteachercriticized the studentwhohadbrokenthewindow.
(误)Doyouknowanyone havinglost acar ?
(正)Do youknow anyone who havelosta car ?
(3) Here issome advice for you to follow.(4)Doyou have anythingelseto say?
(5) Thereis no one to take careof.(6)Shehas nothing to worry about.
3、动状关系的被修饰词如果是不定式里动词的状语,应多用介词短语。由于被修饰词前没有介词,所以只能在不定式里的动词后加介词。(1)Please givemesomepaper to writeon.
Havingsufferedfromhearttroublefor years, ProfessorWhite has to take somemedicine with him whenever hegoes.
Having finishedhis homework,the boywentouttoplayfootball.
Thesecretary worked late intothe night,preparingalongspeech forthepresident.
Hesent meanE-mail, hoping to get further information.
现在分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作时,现在分词要用完成式。如:
2.being可用状语或补语,但不可作定语。如:
(误)Anybodybeing outside afterteno’clockwillbecriticized.
(正)Anybody who is outsideafter ten o’clock will be criticized.
3.表示经常性或已完成的非进行动作的时候,不用现在分词作定语。例如:
(2) There is no oneto take care of her.
(3) Inmy family,my motheris always thefirstoneto get up.
(4)Heis alwaysthefirst to come and the lasttoleave.
(5) Weneedቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱsomeone togo and get a doctor.
2、动宾关系的如果不定式与被修饰的词在逻辑上存在动宾关系,不定式里的动词必须是及物动词。注意:是及物动词的,后面不要再加宾语,因为前面的被修饰词是它的宾语;是不及物动词的,要加上适当的介词或副词让它变成及物动词,只有这样,它才能带上前面的宾语。(1)He has a lotof books to read.(2) I would like a magazineto look at.