材料科学基础重要概念(中英文)晶体学基础晶体学(crystallography)布喇菲点阵(Bravais lattice)晶体生成学(crystallogeny)体心化(body centering)晶体结构学(crytallogy)底心化(base centering)晶体化学(crystallochemistry)特殊心化(special centering)晶体结构(crystal structure)晶面(crystal plane)点阵平移矢量(lattice translation vector)晶(平)面指数(crystal – plane indice)初级单胞(primitive cell)晶带(zone)点阵常数(lattice parameter)倒易空间(reciprocal space)对称变换(symmetry translation)参考球(reference sphere)主动操作(active operation)经线(longitude)国际符号(international notation)赤道平面(equator plane)点对称操作(point symmetry operation)极网(pole net)旋转操作(rotation operation)结构基元(motif)二次旋转轴(two - fold axe, diad)晶体几何学(geometrical crystallography)四次旋转轴(four – fold axe, tetrad)晶体物理学(crystallographysics)镜像(mirror image)等同点(equivalent point)对形关系(enantiomorphic relation)点阵(lattice)反演(inversion)初基矢量(primitive translation vector)晶系(crystal system)复式初基单胞(multiple – primitive cell)单斜晶系(monoclinic system)对称元素(symmetry element)四方晶系(正方晶系)(tetragonal system)对称群(symmetry group)六方晶系(hexagonal system)被动操作(passive operation)熊夫利斯符号(Schoenflies notation)点阵有心化(centering of lattice)恒等操作(单位操作)(identity)面心化(face centering)旋转轴(rotation axe)单面心化(one – face centering)三次旋转轴(three – fold axe, triad)晶向(crystal direction)六次旋转轴(six – fold axe, hexad)晶向(方向)指数(crystal – direction indice)镜面(mirror plane)晶面族(form of crystal - plane)同宇(congruent)倒易点阵(reciprocal lattice)旋转反演(rotation - inversion)极射赤面投影(stereographic projection)三斜晶系(triclinic system)参考网络(reference grid)正交晶系(斜方晶系)(orthogonal system)纬线(latitude)立方晶系(cubic system)吴氏网(Wulff net)菱方晶系(rhombohedral system)标准投影网(standard projection)晶体结构晶体结构(crystal structure)鲍林规则(Pauling’s rule)结构符号(structure symbol)氧化物结构(oxide structure)致密度(空间填充效率)(efficiency of space 岩盐结构(rock structure)filling)纤维锌矿结构(wurtzite structure)配位数(coordination number)闪锌矿结构(zinc blende structure)配位多面体(coordination polyhedra)尖晶石结构(spinel structure)拓扑密堆相(topologically close – packed α-Al2O3型结构(corundum structure)phase)金红石结构(rutile structure)金属晶体(metal crystal)萤石结构(fluorite structure)离子晶体(ionic crystal)钙钛矿结构(perovskite structure)共价晶体(covalent crystal)钛铁矿结构(ilmenite structure)分子晶体(molecular crystal)氯化铯结构(cesium chloride structure)原子半径和离子半径(atomic radius and ionic 硅酸盐(silicate)radius)链状硅酸盐(chain silicate)原子结构体积(volume of structure per atom)层状硅酸盐(phyllo silicate)体密度(volumetric density,ρV)岛状硅酸盐(island silicate)面密度(planar density, ρP)骨架结构(framework structure)线密度(linear density, ρL)镁橄榄石结构(forsterite structure)金刚石结构(diamond structure)辉石(picrite)纳米碳管(carbon nano tube)粘土矿(clay mineral)置换固溶体(substitutional solid solution)高岭石(kaolinite)填隙固溶体(interstitial solid solution)云母(mica)尺寸因素(size factor)石英(quartz)价电子浓度(valance electron concentration)鳞石英(tridymite)电子化合物(electron compound)方石英(cristobalite)间隙化合物(interstitial compound)钙长石(anorthite)尺寸因素化合物(size–factor compound)分子筛(molecule sift)Laves相(Laves phase) 同素异构性(allotropy)σ相(σphase)多形性(polymorphism)有序固溶体(超结构)[ordered solid solution 准晶(quasicrystal)(super lattice) ] 彭罗斯拼砌(Penrose tiling)长程有序参数(long-range order parameter)短程有序参数(shot-range order parameter)晶体缺陷不完整性(imperfection)向错(disclination)点缺陷(point imperfection)沃特拉过程(V olterra’s process)空位(vacancy)刃型位错(edge dislocation)自间隙原子(self-interstitial)螺型位错(screw dislocation)构型熵(configuration entropy)混合型位错(mixed dislocation)肖脱基缺陷(Schottky defect)柏氏回路(Burgers circuit)弗兰克缺陷(Frenkel defect)柏氏矢量(Burgers vector)内禀点缺陷(intrinsic point defect)位错环(dislocation loop)非禀点缺陷(extrinsic point defect)位错密度(dislocation density)线缺陷(line imperfection)位错的弹性能(elastic energy of dislocation)位错(dislocation)位错线张力(tension of dislocation)位错宽度(width of dislocation)层错矢量(fault vector)保守运动(conservative motion)外延层错(extrinsic fault)非保守运动(nonconservative motion)层错能(stacking fault energy)滑移(slip)肖克莱部分为错(Shockley partial dislocation)滑动(glissile)铃木气团(Suzuki atmosphere)攀移(climb)弗兰克位错(Frank partial dislocation)自力(self-force)扩展位错(extended dislocation)渗透力(osmotic force)压杆位错(stair-rod partial dislocation)映像力(image force)Lomer-Cottrell 位错(Lomer-Cottrell弯结(kink)dislocation)割阶(jog)L-C阻塞(L-C Lock)柯垂尔气体(Cottrell atmosphere)赫斯阻塞(Hirth lock)史诺克气体(Snoek atmosphere)分位错(fractional dislocation)弗兰克-瑞德位错源(Frank-Read source)超点阵(superlattice)B-H位错源(Bardeen-Herring source)反相畴(Antiphase domain)位错塞积群(dislocation pile-up group)反相畴界(Antiphase boundary, APB)全位错(perfect dislocation)超位错(super-dislocation)堆垛层错(stacking fault)弗兰克-纳巴罗回路(Frank-Nabarro circuit)部分为错或不全位错(partial dislocation)向错强度(disclination strength)内禀层错(intrinsic fault)条纹织构(schlieren texture)表面能(surface energy) 适配(matching)晶界(grain boundary) 共格晶界(coherent boundary)小角度晶界(low angle grain boundary)非共格晶界(incoherent boundary)大角度晶界(high angle grain boundary 晶界迁移率(grain boundary mobility)倾转晶界(tilt boundary)取向关系(orientation relationship)扭转晶界(twist boundary)气泡(gas babble)相界(phase boundary) 空洞(void)扩散不可逆过程(irreversible process)传质过程(mass transport)扩散(diffusion)扩散距离(diffusion distance)唯象系数(phenomenological coefficient)间隙机制(interstitial mechanism)挤列结构(crowdion configuration)哑铃结构(dumbbell split configuration)空位机制(vacancy mechanism)换位机制(exchange mechanism)扩散流量(flux)参考系(reference frame)实验参考系(laboratory reference frame)点阵参考系(lattice reference frame)菲克第一定律(Fick’s first law)菲克第二定律(Fick’s second law)扩散系数(diffusion coefficient)禀性扩散系数(intrinsic diffusion coefficient)互扩散系数(mutual diffusion coefficient)自扩散系数(self-diffusion coefficient)稳态扩散(steady state diffusion)Kirkendall 效应(Kirkendall effect)Matano 平面(Matano interface)热力学因子(thermodynamic factor)同位素(isotope)示踪物(tracer)扩散偶(diffusion couple)误差函数(error function)哑变量(dummy)数值方法(numerical method)有限差分(finite-difference)收敛性(convergence)截断误差(truncation error)舍入误差(round-off error)相关系数(correlation factor)高扩散率通道(high-diffusivity path)体扩散(volume diffusion)晶界扩散(grain boundary diffusion)位错扩散(dislocation diffusion)表面扩散(surface diffusion)迁移率(mobility)渗透率(permeability)凝固分配系数(partition coefficient)枝晶偏析(dendrite segregation)区域提纯(zone-refining)亚共晶合金(hypoeutectic alloy)胞晶的形成(cell formation)过共晶合金(hypereutectic alloy)胞状树枝晶(cellular dendrite)片状(lamellar)柱状树枝晶(columnar dendrite)棒状(rod-like)共晶凝固(eutectic solidification)共晶领域(eutectic colony)包晶凝固(peritectic solidification)伪共晶(pseudo-eutectic)偏析(segregation)离异共晶(divorced eutectic)熔焊(fusion welding)激冷区(chill zone)快速凝固(rapid solidification process)柱状晶区(columnar zone)连续铸造(continuous casting)等轴晶区(equiaxed zone)树枝状显微偏析(dendritic microsegregation)收缩晶区(shrinkage cavity)非平衡杠杆定律(non-equilibrium lever rule)疏松(porosity)组分过冷(constitutional supercooling)非金属夹杂物(non-metallic inclusion)胞状组织(cellular structure)熔池(weld pool)二次枝晶(secondary dendrite)混合区(composite region)一次支晶(primary dendrite)热影响区(heat-affected zone)。