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大学物理英文版PPT

大学物理(英文版) 多媒体课件
Volume 1
Introduction
Chapter 1 Kinematics
Chapter 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion Chapter 3 Work and Energy Chapter 4 Momentum
Chapter 5 Rotation of a rigid body
Chapter 6 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Chapter 7 Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Introduction
2001.9.11 Catastrophe(大灾难)
宇宙:约1250亿个星系, 每个星系由数千亿个恒星 组成。
银河系 太阳系:地球,星星 看得见的:你我他它 分子 原子 原子核 基本粒子
宇宙半径:~1026 m 银河系:~1044 kg 地球1024 kg
原子核半径:10-15 m
电子质量:10-31 kg
河外星系:1024 m
银河中心系:1020 m 太阳1030 kg:1011 m 月亮:108 m
我们的母亲: 地球
1969年7月16日 美国东部时间9时23分 阿波罗11号发射升空。
三天后 阿姆斯特朗 奥尔德林 柯林斯
Mars(火星)
机遇号
The surface of Mars(火星表面)
Our world and Universe
Universe
Elementary particles
In the view of physics history:
The ancient physics The classical physics The modern physics
5. Scalar and vector(标量和矢量): Two types of physical quantities(量): Scalars: mass, length, speed, temperature….. Vectors: velocity, acceleration, momentum... Vector A( black) : its magnitude(大小) and direction(方向) may be represented by a line OP directed from the initial point O to the terminal(终) point P and denoted(标记) by A OP
C x Ax Bx
Obviously(显然):
C y Ay By
In one dimension In two dimension In three dimension Mechanical motions
(机械运动) Curvilinear motion(曲线)
Rectilinear motion(直线)
r is
y
t1 P
r1
r
t2
r2
x
r r2 r1 That is r x 2 i y2 j x1i y1 j ( x2 x1 )i ( y2 y1 ) j
o
Its magnitude(大小)
4.Units(单位) International System of Units(SI: Systme International d’Units 法语) is used in China mass m kg:千克 kilogram
length
L
m:米 meter
Time
t
s:秒 second
Magnitude: r r x 2 y 2 z 2
cos z r
In the two dimension: r r (t ) x(t )i y(t ) j Its two components (分量) x x( t )
y
P ( x, y )
物 质 世 界
相对论 天体物理 经典物理:力学,热等 量子力学 核物理 量子场论
银河系
相对论 天体物理
量子天体 物理学
史蒂芬.霍金 《时间简史》
Theory
Our world and universe
… The Galaxy Sun: Earth,Planets The body we can see Molecules atoms nuclei elementary particles …
… The general reletivity astrophsics Newton’s Mechanics Heat,Thermodynamics … Electromagnetic Theory Quantum Mechanics Nuclear Physics Quantum Field Theory …
r
y y( t )
消去
o
x
eliminating
y y( x )
Path equation(轨迹方程)
2. Displacement(位移):
Displacement introduced to describe the change in position during a given time interval:
•…………..
Part One Mechanics 力学
Chapter 1 Kinematics
(运动学)质点运动学
第一章 质点运动学(Kinematics)
§1-1 参考系 质点
Frame of reference particle Position vector and displacement
主要讲授内容:
经典力学 相对论 电磁学
振动与波动
日常生活
波动光学
热学
量子论简介
Computer 计算机科学 Mechanics 机械学
Physics
Medicine 医学 Biology 生物学 Chemistry 化学
Physics: fundamentals and methods.
References(参考书)
Circular motion(圆周)
In our teaching, we will mainly deal with(涉及) two dimensional motions: motion in a plane.
§1-2 Position Vector and Displacement
1. Position Vector Position vector r is a vector
3. Time(时刻)and time interval(时间) Time t is a given instant, and time interval(间隔)△t is the difference of two given instants. We use the former to describe (描述) the state of the object, the latter to describe the process.(过程)
Y Z
O
X
In two dimension(维):
Байду номын сангаас
Y
A Ax i Ay j
tg Ay Ax
Ay
O
Ax
X
If A Ax i Ay j and B Bx i B y j , we have: C C x i C y j B A ( Ax Bx )i ( Ay B y ) j
P
o
Addition(加): The two vectors A and B is added in following way: C=A+B B A
A Ax i Ay j Az k
B
C
A
In Cartesian coordinate system(直角坐标系):
i , j and k are unit vectors along OX,OY,OZ
•张达宋 《物理学基本教程》
•李行一等, 《物理学基本教程教学参考书》
•李行一等,《物理学基本教程》习题分析与解答
•张三慧等, 《大学物理学》 •Halliday et.al 《Fundamentals of Physics》 •W. Sears et.al 《University Physics》 •史蒂芬.霍金,《时间简史》 •盛正卯等,《物理学与人类文明》 •B.K.里德雷,《时间、空间和万物》
§1-1 Frame of Reference Particle(质点)
1. Frame of Reference(参照系)
When we discuss the position and the velocity(速度) of an object ,we must answer the questions:
that extents from the origin of the coordinate system to the particle’s position as shown in Figure
z
r
X
P(x,y,z)
Y
r xi yj zk
cos x r cos y r
§1-2 位置矢量 位移 §1-3 速度 加速度
Velocity and acceleration Two types of Problems Circular motion Relative motion
§1-4 两类运动学问题 §1-5 圆周运动及其描述
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