1.Climax is the point at which one opposing force overcomes the other and conflict is resolved.高潮在这一点上,一个反对力量克服了其他和冲突解决。
2. round character and flat character: flat character is cartoon like, usu. exaggerated. Round character is lifelike, who has both advantages and disadvantages, grows as the plot develops and usu. undergoes some change.一样和平板字符:平淡的角色动画,usu.夸大。
圆形人物栩栩如生,谁都有各自的优势和劣势,随着情节发展,usu.经历一些变化。
3. Journey story is also called Picaresque novel, in which there is always a trip, and characters grow and develop along the journey, such as A Journey to the West, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.In this kind of story, there are lots of interesting episodes instead of all-unifying plot旅程的故事也被称为流浪汉小说,总有一个旅行,和人物沿途的成长和发展,比如《西游记》、《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》。
在这样的故事,有很多有趣的情节,而不是all-unifying阴谋4. Gothic novel is an old genre since 18th century, from which detective story, fantasy story, mystery story derive. 哥特式小说是一个古老的风格自18世纪以来,侦探小说,幻想故事,神秘的故事中。
5. Novels of the soil focus on country life, and usu. more on its hardship than on its pleasure.土壤的小说关注乡村生活,和usu.更困难比快乐。
6. The plot development in a fiction or drama can be divided into five stages: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution. 小说或戏剧的情节发展可分为五个阶段:博览会,上行,高潮,下降动作,决议。
7. Essays can be divided into narration, description, exposition, argumentation论文可以分为叙述、描述、博览会、论证8. American literature can be divided into5 stages:Colonial Period, Reason and revolution, romanticism, realism, modernism美国文学可分为5个阶段:殖民时期,理性和革命浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义9. Figure of speech: personification treats objects as human beings, which are described with human emotion and action.图的言论:化身把对象作为人类,与人类情感和行为描述。
10. Poetry can be divided into three types: narrative(ballard, epic, etc), dramatic, lyric.诗歌可分为三种类型:叙事(巴拉德、史诗等),戏剧性,抒情。
11. Allegory is a story in which events and human characters representabstract ideas and teach a moral lesson. While fable is usu. Written for kids,and the characters are often animals.寓言故事的事件和人物代表抽象的概念和给一个道德教训。
而寓言一般,为孩子们写的和人物往往是动物。
12. Noah Webster is a lexicographer, who onc e said “America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms.”诺亚·韦伯斯特词典编纂者,曾说过“美国必须像她那样独立的文学在政治、艺术作为武器一样出名。
”13. Washington Irving is the father of American Literature. His style includes entertainment, humor, vivid plot and characters, musical rhythm, historical elements. He wrote Rip V an Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, A History of New York, The Sketch Book华盛顿·欧文是美国文学之父。
他的风格包括娱乐、幽默、生动的情节和人物,音乐节奏,历史元素。
他写了里普·万·温克尔,无头骑士的传说,纽约的历史素描的书14. James Cooper is first major frontier novel writer, who starts the tradition of writing western frontier life. His Leatherstocking Tales center around the hunter Natty Bumppo, including Deerslayer, Pathfinder, The Last of Mohicans,Pioneers, Prairie詹姆斯·库珀是第一次重大前沿小说作家开始写作的传统西方前沿的生活。
他Leatherstocking 故事围绕猎人整洁的Bumppo,包括Deerslayer,探路者,最后的莫希干人,先锋,草原15. Edgar Allan Poe is short story writer, poet and literary critic. He is gloomy and pessimistic, loves morbid images, stressing the sole purpose of beauty, art for art’s sake. He wrot e The Raven, To Helen, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque埃德加·爱伦·坡短篇小说作家,诗人和文学评论家。
他是悲观,悲观,爱病态形象,强调美的唯一目的,为艺术而艺术。
他写了乌鸦,海伦,怪诞的故事和曲16. The speech of The American Scholar is considered as Am. Intellectual Declaration of Independence, uttered by Ralph Emerson,a transcendentalist who loves and appreciate nature as the source of truth and inspiration. He is optimistic and advocates self-reliance美国学者的演讲被认为是。
知识的独立宣言,由拉尔夫·爱默生说,一个爱和欣赏自然的先验论者的真理和灵感的来源。
他是乐观的,提倡自力更生17. Nathaniel Hawthorne is complicated in nature, who believes in original sin in mankind. His most famous work is The Scarlet Letter, in which the 4 major characters are Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, Pearl. It is also the first major psychological novel in U.S and the author shows his deep sympathy for women. The symbolic meaning of the letter “A” is changing with the development of the plot.纳撒尼尔·霍桑在本质上是复杂的,他相信在人类的原罪。
他最著名的作品是《红字》,4个主要人物的海丝特,丁梅斯代尔,齐灵渥斯,珍珠。
这也是美国第一个主要心理小说,作者展示了他深切的同情女性。
字母“A”的象征意义是随着情节的发展变化。
18. Henry Longfellow is a very popular poet in U.S. , who helps to popularize poetry itself in the nation. After he died, a memorial bust was placed in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey in London. He is still the only American so honored亨利·朗费罗是一个非常受欢迎的美国诗人,有助于推广诗歌本身的国家。
在他死后,纪念破产是放置在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人的角落在伦敦。
他仍然是美国唯一如此荣幸19. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. In the book the writer severely attacked the cruelty of slavery. This little book was so influential that it helped to energize anti-slavery forces in the North, while angering and embittering the South. 汤姆叔叔的小屋是由哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托写的。