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药理学胰岛素和其他降糖药
糖尿病
由胰岛素分泌绝对或相对不足，或胰岛高血糖素过多 引起，属于代谢紊乱性疾病。发病率在全球范围内呈 上升趋势，是全世界发病率和死亡率最高的疾病之一
病因：与免疫功能紊乱、遗传、环境等因素改变有关 分类：
Ⅰ型(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM) 自身免疫性疾病，β细胞破坏，胰岛素分泌缺降糖药
Complications of DM
Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious long-term complications include cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, and diabetic retinopathy (retinal damage). Adequate treatment of diabetes is thus important, as well as blood pressure control and lifestyle factors such as stopping smoking and maintaining a healthy body weight.
This high blood sugar produces the classical symptoms of polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased hunger).
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药理学胰岛素和其他降糖药
Types of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin. (Also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and juvenile diabetes.)
Ⅱ型(non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) β细胞功能低下，胰岛素相对缺乏、胰岛素抵抗(INR)
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药理学胰岛素和其他降糖药
糖尿病人数及医疗支出
Its incidence is increasing rapidly, and it is estimated that by 2030, this number will almost double. Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world, but is more common (especially type 2) in the more developed countries. The greatest increase in prevalence is, however, expected to occur in Asia and Africa. The increase in incidence of diabetes in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes, perhaps most importantly a "Western-style" diet.
Gestational diabetes: is when pregnant women, who have never had diabetes before, have a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. It may precede development of type 2 DM.
Type 2 diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. (Formerly referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM for short, and adult-onset diabetes.)
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药理学胰岛素和其他降糖药
Epidemiology
In 2000, according to the World Health Organization, at least 171 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes, or 2.8% of the population.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus, often simply referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar, either because the body does not produce enough insulin, or because cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced.