焊接工艺学目录1焊接概述 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.1 焊接的定义[1]----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51.2 焊接过程的物理本质[1] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 1.3 焊接方法的分类[2] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 1.4 常用焊接方法基本特点与应用[2] [3] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 51.5 焊缝符号[4] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51.5.1 基本符号------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51.5.2 辅助符号--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91.5.3补充符号 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101.5.4焊缝尺寸符号--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101.5.5指引线及说明（见表1-5-6） ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------101.5.6焊缝符号标注的原则和方法（见表1-5-7） -------------------------------------------------------------------------101.5.7常见金属焊接方法代号（见表1-5-8）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------101.5.8 焊缝符号标注示例（见表1-5-9） ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2焊接设计 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132.1 材料选用 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132.1.1 母材材料选用-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132.1.1.1 钢结构对材料的要求[5]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132.1.1.2 钢结构用钢的分类[5]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------132.1.1.2 钢结构用钢选用原则[5] [6] -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------142.1.2焊接材料匹配[3] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 2.2 焊接方法的选用[12] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 2.3 焊接结构设计 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 192.3.1焊接应力[5] [12] [13] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------192.3.1.1 焊接应力的特点和分类-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------192.3.1.2焊接残余应力对结构的影响----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 202.3.1.3从设计方面调节和控制焊接残余应力（工艺措施见下章） ---------------------------------------------212.3.2焊接变形[5] [12] [13] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------212.3.2.1 焊接变形的特点和分类-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------212.3.2.2 焊接变形收缩余量计算-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------232.3.2.3从设计方面控制焊接残余变形（工艺方面见下章） -------------------------------------------------------242.3.3焊接接头构造的设计与选择（主要是熔焊接头） ---------------------------------------------------------------- 252.3.3.1焊接接头的基本类型[12] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 252.3.3.2常用焊接接头的工作特性[12] [6] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 252.3.3.3设计与选择焊接接头须考虑的因素[12]-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 262.3.3.4 坡口的设计与选择[12] [13][14] [15]----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 262.3.3.5 焊缝设计------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 272.3.3.6焊接接头的静强度计算------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------313焊接制造 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 3.1常见焊接方法工艺要求 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 393.1.1 焊条电弧焊工艺要求（定位焊）[12] [16]---------------------------------------------------------------------------------393.1.2 埋弧焊工艺要求[12] [5] [16] -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------393.1.3 二氧化碳气体保护焊工艺要求[12] [16]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------403.1.4 栓钉（螺柱）焊要求[12] [16] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------403.1.5 焊缝磨修和返修焊要求[16]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------403.1.6 其它要求[16] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41 3.2 焊接工艺评定[16] [17] [18] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 413.3 焊接残余应力与变形的控制[5] [12] [13] ------------------------------------------------------------------- 423.3.1控制焊接残余应力的工艺措施 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------423.3.2 焊后降低或消除残余应力的方法 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------423.3.3控制焊接变形的工艺措施 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------423.3.4矫正焊接残余变形的方法 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 4焊接检验与验收------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 444.1焊接检验方法分类[19] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 4.2 焊接检验的依据[19] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 4.3 焊接缺陷 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 454.3.1焊接缺陷的概念[19]-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------454.3.2 焊接缺陷的分类[20] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------454.4焊接接头质量要求及其缺陷分级 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 464.4.1钢结构焊缝外形尺寸要求[21] [22] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------464.4.2钢熔化焊接头缺陷分级[23]---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------484.5 破坏性检验 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 484.5.1 焊缝金属及焊接接头力学性能试验-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------504.5.1.1 拉伸试验[24] [25] -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------504.5.1.2 弯曲试验[26] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------504.5.1.3 冲击试验[27] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------504.5.1.4 硬度试验[28] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------504.5.1.5 断裂韧度COD试验[29]-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 514.5.1.6 疲劳试验[12] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 514.5.2 焊接金相检验[12] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 514.5.3 断口分析-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 514.5.4 化学分析与试验[12]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 524.5.4.1 化学成分分析 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 524.5.4.2 扩散氢的测定 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 524.5.4.3 腐蚀试验------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 524.6 非破坏性检验 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 524.6.1 外观检验[12] [21]------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 524.6.2 无损探伤[12] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 524.7 常见无损探伤方法质量评定----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 534.7.1 钢熔化焊焊缝超声波探伤[30]----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 534.7.1.1 检验等级------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 534.7.1.2 缺陷评定与焊缝质量等级 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------544.7.2 钢熔化焊对接接头射线探伤的焊缝质量分级[31]-------------------------------------------------------------------- 554.7.2.1 按缺陷性质和数量分级----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 554.7.2.2 圆形缺陷的分级--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 554.7.2.3 条状夹渣的分级--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 574.7.2.4 综合评级------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 574.7.3 磁粉探伤磁痕等级[32]--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 574.7.4 渗透探伤缺陷显示迹痕的分级[33]----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------584.8 钢结构焊接工程质量验收规范[34] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 584.8.1一般规定 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------584.8.2钢构件焊接工程 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 594.8.2.1主控项目-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 594.8.2.2一般项目--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------614.8.3焊钉（栓钉）焊接工程 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------634.8.3.1 主控项目-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------634.8.3.2一般项目--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------644.8.4 焊接H型钢 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64参考文献------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 651焊接概述1.1 焊接的定义[1]被焊工件的材质（同种或异种），通过加热或加压或两者并用，并且用或不用填充材料，使工件的材质达到原子（分子）间的结合而形成永久性连接的工艺过程称为焊接（W elding）。