（need和dare的用法也类似，不过两个词只在否定句和疑问句中做情态动词，其他情况做实义动词）
I had breakfast at 7:00 this morning. (had实义动词) I had played computer before you came back home. (had助动词)
可数名词的复数
构成
举例
1
在名词后面加s
fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas
2
以s, x, sh, ch, th结尾的，加es
boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes, foxes
基本语法表格
人称代词和物主代词
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数 (现在时, 动词+s/es)
复数
人称
代词
主格
I
we
you
you
sheheitFra bibliotekthey
these
宾格
me
us
you
you
her
him
it
them
those
物主代词(…的)
物主性
my
our
your
your
her
his
its
their
2．疑问句
（1）一般
疑问句
①把“三类动词”放在句子的开头，末尾加问号“？” Can you speak English?
②没“三类动词”，用do/does/did帮忙 Do you like English?
（2）特殊
疑问句
疑问词 + “三类动词”放在句子的开头，末尾加问号“？” What do you like?
Be动词
be原形 – am/is/are现在时 – was/were过去时 – being进行时 –been完成时
情态动词
can–could能够； will–would打算、将要；shall–should打算、将要、应该；
may–might可以、也许；must必须；need需要； have to 不得不； ought to应该
现在分词（+ ing）
过去分词（+ ed）
play
plays
played
be + playing
have/has/had + played
watch
watches
watched
watching
watched
do
does
did
doing
done
buy
buys
bought
buying
bought
think
②回答时：前后一致（用什么问，就用什么答） Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
3．祈使句
用动词原形放在句首，表示“建议、命令、要求”某人做某事 Do it by yourself.
4．感叹句
（1）How引导
①How + 形容词 How beautiful! = How beautiful she is!
thinks
thought
thinking
thought
teach
teaches
tought
teaching
tought
动词有4个种类
实义动词
like; read; watch; sit; buy肯定句直接用；变成否定句和疑问句，就必须用助动词do/does/did 来帮忙
“三类动词”
助动词
do/does/did 主要用来帮助实义动词变成否定句或疑问句
I didn’t have breakfast at 7:00 this morning. I had not played computer before you came back home.
Did you have breakfast at 7:00 this morning? Had you played computer before I came back home?
②How +形容词+ a/an + 可数名词 How beautiful a girl! 多美的女孩！
（2）What引导
③What + a/an +形容词+ 可数名词 What a beautiful girl! 多美的女孩！
④What +形容词+不可数名词 What fine weather!=How fine the weather is!
these
名词性
mine
ours
yours
yours
hers
his
its
theirs
those
反身代词
自己
myself
ourselves
yourself
yourselves
herself
himself
itself
themselves
themselves
动词有5种形式
原形
第三人称单数（+ s/es）
过去时（+ ed）
What did you do at 7:00 this morning? What had you done before I came back home?
When did you have breakfast? When did you play computer?
Who had breakfast at 7:00 this morning? Who had played computer before you came back home?
注意
事项
①分清实义动词和“三类动词”
②变化句子时, “三类动词”直接用, 如果是实义动词, 只能用助动词帮忙, 注意人称和时态的一致性.
③助动词和情态动词后面的动词永远只能用原形. (看下面的例子, had在did后面变为原形have)
④have/has/had单独使用是实义动词, 变句子时, 需要助动词do/does/did帮忙；在完成时态中, 是助动词, 则直接使用。
注意：助动词和情态动词后面的动词只能用原形。
句子从功能上有4种分类
种类
名称
用法
1．陈述句
（1）肯定句
I like English.
（2）否定句
①在“三类动词”后 + not I can’t speak English
②没“三类动词”，用do/does/did帮忙 I don’t like English
疑问词：what; who; whose; where; when=what time; why; which;
how; how old; how long; how soon; how far; how much; how many; how often
（3）反义
疑问句
①提问时：前后相反（前面肯定，后面否定；前面否定，后面肯定） I like English, don’t you?