② the book borrowed by Jack
= the book which was borrowed by Jack
4. 形容词性化过去分词作定语
常见的有：amazed, embarrassed, disappointed, excited, encouraged, bored, interested, tired, worried, surprised, satisfied, pleased, moved, frightened等。
the problem discussed yesterday已经发生，完成 the problem being discussed 正在发生
高考解析
Recently a survey ______ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (2011江苏) A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared 解析： compare 的动作是 survey 发出的， 现在分词短语做后置定语。
b. 不及物动词的过去分词，具有主动和完 成意义。
a grown woman
a woman who has grown
a retired officer a officer who has retired
2. 过去分词作定语位置
B: Yes. And we had canned fish, smoked sausages, cakes made by our teacher and fresh apples picked from the orchard. We also played a lot of games there. B: Indeed, to our delight, we helped a lost boy to find his mother.
Tsinghua University, _____ in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. (2011福建) A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded 解析：句中的主语Tsinghua University与 found构成逻辑上的被动关系，可选C、 D；再根据时间1911年可知found动作已 经完成，故用过去分词。此句中过去分 词短语作后置定语。
lying ① Do you know the boy _______(lie) under the big tree? respected (respect) by the ⑤ He is a leader___________ people.
3.及物动词的过去分词与现在分词的被动式都可 以表示“被动”，但前者多表示一个完成了的动 作，而后者则表示一个正在进行的动作.
The ability ______ an idea is as important as the idea itself. (2011湖南) A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed 解析：本句意思是：表达观点的能力和这 个观点本身一样重要。the ability to do sth.“做某事的能力”，固定短语，故此处 用动词不定式作后置定语。
单个过去分词
过去分词短语
单个的过去分词作定 语时，位于它所修饰 的名词或代词前面；
过去分词短语作定语 时，位于它所修饰的 名词或代词后面。
a risenBiblioteka sun已升起的太阳 有组织的旅行
an organized trip
单个过去分词和形容词修饰 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody等不定代词时,也要放 在这些词后面。
The Past Participle as the Attribute
过去分词作定语，在语态上表被动；在 时间上表示动作已经发生或完成，与它 所修饰的名词有逻辑（意义）上的动宾 关系。
1. 过去分词作定语的含义
a. 及物动词的过去分词，具有被动和完成的意 义 a broken cup a cup which is broken a wounded soldier a soldier who was wounded
The _____ children were opening their presents.
A. excited excited B. exciting C. excite D. excites
过去分词与现在分词作定语 1.语态不同：现在分词表示主动，及物动词的过 去分词表示被动。
an inspiring speech 鼓舞人心的演说
5. So far nobody has claimed the money ______ in the library. （湖南2010） A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered
nothing reported
something important
something else
3. 过去分词作定语和定语从句的转换
过去分词作定语的作用相当于定语从句，二者可以转 换。
① a letter written in pencil
= a letter which was written in pencil
the inspired audience 受到鼓舞的观众 the falling leaves 落叶（正往下落的）
the fallen leaves 落叶（已经落到地面的）
2. 时间关系不同：现在分词作定语，多表示“动作 正在进行”或“与谓语同时进行”或“经常性”。 过去分词作定语，则多表示分词动作“先于位于动词 表示的动作”或“没有一定的时间性”
3. I’m calling to enquire about the position ______ in yesterday’s China Daily. （北京2010） A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised 4. A great number of students ______ said they were forced to practise the piano. （四川2010） A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning
1. The players _____ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. (湖南 2011 ) A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected 2. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ______ from the library. （2010 课标全国卷） A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing