• 美国机能主义心理学家先驱詹姆斯创造出意识流 （stream of consciousness）这个词，用来表示意识 的流动特性：个体的经验意识是一个统一的整体 ，但是意识的内容是不断变化的从来不会静止不 动。 • 詹姆斯提出的“意识流”概念，强调了思维的不 间断性，即没有“空白”，始终在“流动”；也 强调其超时间性和超空间性，即不受时间和空间 的束缚，因为意识是一种不受客观现实制约的纯 主观的东西，并被他们借用、借鉴，从而进入文 学领域，作用于作家的创作，从而导致“意识流 ”文学的产生。
【整部小说以斯蒂芬凌乱无章、恍惚迷离 的意识流开始，又以莫莉长达40多页的没有 标点的、滔滔不绝的意识流结束】
• 英国小说家、批评家维吉尼亚· 伍尔芙也是一位著 名的意识流作家和意识流小说的奠基者。她在对 一些意识流小说家的创作进行总结、借鉴的基础 上，丰富、发展了意识流文学的表现手法，并对 它进行理论阐发。1919年，伍尔芙发表了第一部 意识流小说《墙上的斑点》。作品通过一个妇女 看到墙上一个模糊不清的斑点而引起无限联想的 意识流动过程，揭示人类在世界的丰富和易于变 化。
Stream of Consciousness
• Stream of consciousness, as a term, was first used by William James, the American philosopher and psychologist, in his book The Principles of Psychology (1890). Widely used in narrative fiction, the technique was perhaps brought to its highest point of development in Ulysses (1922) and Finnegan's Wake (1939) by the Irish novelist and poet James Joyce. Other exponents of the form were American novelist William Faulkner and British novelist Virginia Woolf.
A Room of One’s Own
• A Room of One’s Own(1929)was Virginia Woolf’s feminist declaration, pointing out the inferior position of woman in the patriarchal society. She suggests for gifted women, she need a room of her own and a fixed income to make a decent living by herself.
• 男女平等 • Men and women are equal. • 妇女能顶半边天 • Women can hold half the sky.
Women'ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Rights
• • • • • • • • to vote ; to hold public office; to work; to enjoy fair wages or equal pay; to own property; to receive education; to enter into legal contracts; to have marital, parental and religious rights
Works
COLLECTIONS OF ESSAYS, literary commentaries
A Room of One’s Own , 1929 《一间自己的房间》 Moments of Being, 1941, 《存在的瞬间》
Mrs. Dalloway
• Mrs. Dalloway The story is about a day in the life of a London society hostess, Clarissa, who’s preparing for a party. The themes she explores are the nature of personal identity, memory and consciousness, the passage of time, and the tensions between the forces of life and death. She gives a very lyrical response to the fundamental question, 'What is it like to be alive?' The novel also features her rich expression of the 'interior monologue' and offers a subtle critique of society recovering in the aftermath of the first world war.
To the Lighthouse
• 整部小说贯穿着对社会的嘲讽，对主要人物，特 别是有时显得忧郁悲观的兰姆西先生则不无同情 。小说记载了兰姆西一家（8个孩子）和四个朋友 （老处女画家丽莉· 布里斯寇，年长的科学家威廉· 班克斯，渴望当教授的维阿尔斯· 坦斯雷，及最后 成为诗人的卡米歇尔）在苏格兰北部希伯里德斯 海域小岛度假，以及小说开始就提及的到小岛附 近灯塔一游，而直到十年以后小说结尾时的游览 计划成行的话题。小说中通过人物的内心活动展 示了他们各自的性格及在生活中的位置。
Works
EARLY WORKS
The Voyage Out, 1915 《出海》 Night and Day, 1919 《日夜》
LATER WORKS
Jacob’ s Room, 1922 《雅各的房间》 Mrs. Dalloway, 1925 《黛洛维夫人》 To the Lighthouse, 1927 《到灯塔去》 Orlando, 1928 《奥尔兰多》 The Waves, 1931 《海浪》 The Years, 1937 《年月》 Between the Acts, 1941 《幕与幕之间》
• 下午5点：布卢姆为维护犹太人尊严与无赖 据理力争
• 晚上8点：夏日黄昏的 海滩，布卢姆邂逅少 女格蒂，心中暗生情 愫
• 晚上10点：布卢姆探 望病人再次遇见斯蒂 芬 • 下半夜：布卢姆陪斯 蒂芬到了一家通宵营 业的马车夫棚，两人 谈得相当投机
结尾： 斯蒂芬与布卢姆—在彼此身上找到了精神 慰藉 莫莉—对丈夫感到愧疚，决定再给丈夫一 次机会
Life
• In 1912 she married Leonard Woolf, a critic and writer on economics, with whom she set up the Hogarth Press in 1917. Their home became a gathering place for a circle of artists, critics, and writers known as the Bloomsbury group. • As a novelist Woolf’s primary concern was to represent the flow of ordinary experience.
Life
• In 1941, as England entered a second world war, and at the onset of another nervous breakdown she feared would be permanent, Woolf drowned herself in the river near her house in Richmond.
The Bloomsbury Group
• The Bloomsbury Group was a group of writers, intellectuals, philosophers and artists who held informal discussions in Bloomsbury in London during the first half of the twentieth century. Their work deeply influenced literature, aesthetics, criticism, and economics as well as modern attitudes towards feminism, pacifism, and sexuality. Its best known members were Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keynes, Sigmund Freud, E. M. Forster, Gertrude Stein, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot and Lytton Strachey.
• 上午8点：布卢姆的生活现状
• 上午10点：布卢姆寻找着自己的精神 安慰 • 上午11点：布卢姆参加葬礼，引发了 很多回忆和联想
• 中午：布卢姆与斯蒂芬以及斯蒂芬的 妹妹相遇
• 下午1点：布卢姆在饭馆遇到熟人弗林
• 下午2点：布卢姆穿行在大街小巷，看到了 自己认识的形形色色的人们 • 下午4点：布卢姆尾随博伊兰到酒吧
弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫
Life
• 1882-1941, English novelist, critic and essayist • Born and brought up in an upper-middle-class, socially active, literary family. • Was educated at home, becoming a voracious reader of the books in her father’s extensive library. • Experienced her first bout of mental illness after her mother’s death and suffered from bipolar disorder, mania-depression illness, for the rest of her life.