英语句子成分划分grammarofunit1differentpartsofasentence概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分.句子的成分包括:主语,谓语,表语,宾语(直接和间接宾语),宾语补足语,定语和状语.主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语,宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分.其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分.▲句子成分分类句子成分分类1.主语主语主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的"是什么"或"是谁".一般由名词,代词,不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象.大多数主语都在句首.如:讲述"谁"weworkinabigfactory.讲述"什么"theclassroomisverybig.数词作主语threeareenough.不定式作主语tooperateontheblindisoneoftheorbisdoctor'sjob.从句作主语whatweneedisfood.我们最需要的是食物.三个人就够了▲在"therebe…"句型中,主语的位置在中间.如:therearesomebottlesofmilkinthebox.▲在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语.如:itisveryinterestingtoplaythegamecalled"treatortrick".ittooktwoworkersa boutthreemonthstobuildthehouse.2.谓语.谓语时用来说明主语"做什么""是什么"或"怎么样",,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在"人称"和"数"两方面必须一致.如:heisverygenerous.-1-shelooksverysmartandcoolwehavefinishedthejob.hecanspeakgerman.3.表语.表语说明主语"是什么"或"怎么样",由名词,形容词,介词,副词,不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面.形容词作表语youlookyoungerthanbefore.名词作表语myfatherisateacher.副词作表语everyoneishere.介词短语作表语theyareatthetheatre.不定式作表语myjobistoteachthemenglish.动名词作表语herjobistrainingthenurses.从句作表语thatiswhyhedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.4.宾语.▲宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,不定式,或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面.有时,会有双宾语.如:名词作宾语heneverforgivesothersfortheirmistakes.代词做宾语heoftenhelpsme.不定式作宾语helikestosleepintheopenair.-2-动名词作宾语theamericansenjoyedlivinginchina.从句做宾语ibelievethattheycanfinishtheworkintime.▲直接宾语和间接宾语直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语是及物动词的对象.但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当.如:webroughtthemsomefood.主谓间宾直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to或for.5.宾语的补足语.在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思.我们把"宾语+宾语补足语"合起来称为复合宾语.复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思.名词,动词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词,过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补ifyouletmego,i'llmakeyouking.形容词作宾补don'tmakeyourhandsdirty.副词作宾补wefoundlimingoutwhenwearrived.介词短语作宾补makeyourselfathome.省略to的不定式作宾补isawagirlgointothebuilding.带to的不定式作宾补theboyorderedthedogtoliedown.现在分词作宾补thebosskeptthemworkingallday.-3-过去分词作宾补yesterdayhegothislegbroken.在英语中,常见的"宾语+宾语补足语"结构有:在英语中常见的"宾语+宾语补足语"的结构有:常见的▲"宾语+名词".常用于改结构的动词有:call,name,make,find,choose,think,leave等.wecallhimjack.theymadelileitheirmonitor.▲"宾语+形容词".常见的动词有think,believe,leave,drive,make,keep,turn,wish,want等.如:doyouthinkhisideawrong?wemustkeepourclassroomclean.wecan'tleave himalone.canyougeteverythingreadyforthepartybeforefriday?▲"宾语+副词".副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系.常见的副词有:down,up,here,there,home,in,out,anywhere等.如:lethimin/out.mr.lidroveushome.whengotthere,wefoundhimout.▲"宾语+介词短语".介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系.如:wefoundeverythingingoodorder.weregardhimasourgoodfriend.heopene dthedoorandfoundsomeofhisfriendsintherain.▲"宾语+不定式".充当宾补的不定式有三种:a要求带to的不定式thecoolwaterofthelakeinvitedustoswim.b要求不带to的不定式let,make,see,hear,watch等thebossmadetheworkerswork12hoursaday.ioftenhearhimreadenglishinhisr oom.c单词help后可加to或不加toshesometimeshelpshermother(to)dohousework.-4-▲"宾语+现在分词".现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系.isawthemplayingontheplayground.iheardmarysingingintheclassroom.▲"宾语+过去分词".宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成.ihadmybikestolen.theteacherexplainedagainandagaintomakehimselfun derstood.▲形式宾语+形容词wefounditimpossibletogettherebeforesaturday.▲宾语+what从句callmewhatyoulike.mr.lihasmadethefactorywhatitistoday.themountainvilla geisdifferentfromwhatitwastenyearsago.6.定语.▲定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语.因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语,表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词,代词的地方都可以有定语.如:形容词作定语theblackbikeismine.代词作定语what'syourname?名词作定语名词作定语theymadesomepaperflowers.介词短语作定语theboysintheroomareinclassthree,gradeone.不定式作短语ihavelotstoeatanddrink.从句作定语thetallboywhoisstandingthereispeter.▲在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,-5-故称"后置定语".▲修饰不定代词something,anything,nothing,something,anyone,somebody,anybody,nobod y的定语必须后置.如:we'llgotohavesomethingenglish.ifyoudon'tknowtheanswer,asksomeone else.doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme?▲介词短语作定语时要后置.如:doyouknowtheboybehindthetree?thestudentsintheroomareallmyfriend s.ithinkthepictureontheleftisbetterthantheoneontheright.▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置whataboutsomethingtodrink?ihavenotimetotraveltochinaisinautumnorins pring.to如果注动词不定式作主语时,后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语.时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的.doyouhaveanypieceofmusictolistento?▲nearby,below,downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置.如:weareatthetopofthehill.canyouseethevillagebelow?thepeopledownstair sarelisteningtoatalknow?theytooktheboytothehospitalnearbyatonce.7.状语.状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度等,一般由副词,介词短语,不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当.状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首,句中.如:hediditcarefullytheymissedmeverymuch.withouthishelp,wecouldn'twor kitout.inordertocatchupwithmyclassmates,imuststudyhard.wheniwasyoung,icouldswimwell.。