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"this,these,that,those"的区别用法

"this,these,that,those"的区别用法
1. 远近上的区别
指示代词this, that, these, those在时间和空间上对所指人或事物有远近之分,this和these常用来指时间和空间上较近的人或事物,而that和those则常用来指时间和空间上较远的人或事物。

如:
I want this book, not that book. 我要这本书,不是那本书。

2. 单复数的区别
指示代词this, that, these, those在意义上单数和复数之分,this 和that用来表示单数概念,there或those则用来表示复数概念。

如:
I like these and he likes those. 我喜欢这些,他喜欢那些。

3. 指人与指物
指示代词this, that, these, those用作主语和定语时,可以指人也可以指物;但用作宾语和表语时,则只能指物,不能指人。

如:This is my friend, and th is is my friend’s room.
句中的两个this均用作主语,前面一个指人,后面一个指物。

句意为:这是我的朋友,这是我的朋友的房间。

Do you know this?
此句中的this用作宾语,只能指物,不能指人,所以这句只能理解为“你知道这个情况吗?”不能理解为“你认识这个人吗?”
4. this与that
用来回指上文提到的事情时,可用this 或that,但是若要指下文叙述的事情,通常要用 this。

如:
She married Jim, and this [that] surprised me. 她嫁给了吉姆,这使我感到很吃惊。

I want to know this: Is he healthy? 我想知道这一点:他是否很健康。

另外,在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用that指对方。

如:Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗?
但是,在美国英语中指对方时也可用 this。

5. 表替代
为了避免重复,我们可用that和those来代替前面提到的名词。

如:
The only sound was that of a car. 唯一的声音为汽车声。

The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 北京的天气比广州冷。

His ideas are different from those of his friends. 他的想法和他朋友的想法不同。

第一句中的that of a car相当于the sound of a car,第二句中的that of Guangzhou相当于the weather of Guangzhou,第三句中的those of his friends相当于the ideas of his friends。

6. 用作副词
this和that除用作代词外,有时还可以用作副词,与形容词或副词连用,表示到这种(那种)的程度,其意为“这么”“那么”,大致与副词so同义。

如:
I wasn’t that clever. 我没有那么聪明
I didn’t know it was getting this late. 我没料到已经这么晚了。

this 这,这个,后跟单数名词,比如这本书,this book.
these 这,这些,后跟复数名词,比如这些书,these books.
those 那,那些,后跟复数名次,比如那些书,those books.
而且,these一般指较近的一些人或事物,而those指较远的一些人或事物
1.作主语、宾语、表语或定语.
This is my book. 这是我的书.
Do you like this? 你喜欢这个吗?
That book is mine. 那本书是我的.
What I want is this? 我要的就是这个.
2. this / these一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或物;而that /
those常指时间或空间上较远的人或物.
This is a pen and that is a pencil.
We are very busy these days.
3. this / these可指后面要讲到的事情,而that / those常指前面提到过的事物.
John asked me to help him with his lessons this evening. I’m afraid I can’t do that.(that指上句提到的help him with his lessons)
4. that / those可用来指代前面提到的名词.
This book is not so interesting as that I read yesterday.
这本书不如我昨天看过的那本有趣.(that指代the book)
5. 在打电话时,常用that询问对方是“谁”,用this介绍自己是“谁”.
—Is that Mrs Black speaking ? 你是布莱克夫人吗?
—Yes, Who’s that ? 是的,你是哪一位?
—This is Mary, Mrs Black.我是玛丽,夫人.。

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