经济学专有名词Aaccounting:会计acco unting cost : 会计成本acco unting profit : 会计利润adverse selecti on : 逆向选择allocati on 酉己置allocati on of resources : 资源配置allocative efficie ncy : 配己置效率an titrust legislati on : 反托拉斯法arc elasticity :弧弹性Arrow's impossibility theorem : 阿罗不可能定理Assumption :假设asymetric in formati on : 非对称性信息average :平均average cost : 平均成本average cost prici ng : 平均成本定价法average fixed cost : 平均固定成本average product of capital : 资本平均产量average product of labour : 劳动平均产量average revenue : 平均收益average total cost : 平均总成本average variable cost : 平均可变成本barriers to en try : 进入壁垒base year : 基年bilateral mono poly : 双边垄断ben efit : 收益black market : 黑市bliss point : 极乐点boun dary point : 边界点break eve n point : 收支相抵点budget : 预算budget con stra int : 预算约束budget l ine :预算线budget set 预算集capital :资本capital stock : 资本存量capital output ratio : 资本产出比率capitalism : 资本主义cardi nal utility theory : 基数效用论cartel : 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption :其他条件不变”的假设ceteris puribus dema nd curve : Chamberlin model : 张伯伦模型cha nge in dema nd : 需求变化cha nge in qua ntity dema nded : cha nge in qua ntity supplied : cha nge in supply : 供给变化choice :选择closed set : 闭集其他因素不变的需求曲线需求量变化供给量变化Coase theorem :科斯定理Cobb —Douglas production function : 柯布--道格拉斯生产函数cobweb model :蛛网模型collective barga ining : 集体协议工资collusion :合谋comma nd economy :指令经济commodity :商品commodity comb in ati on : 商品组合commodity market : 商品市场commodity space :商品空间com mon property : 公用财产comparative static an alysis : 比较静态分析compe nsated budget line : 补偿预算线compe nsated dema nd function : 补偿需求函数compe nsatio n prin ciples : 补偿原贝Ucompe nsat ing variati on in in come : 收入补偿变量competiti on :竞争competitive market : 竞争性市场compleme nt goods :互补品complete in formatio n : 完全信息completeness :完备性con diti on for efficie ncy in excha nge : 交换的最优条件con diti on for efficie ncy in producti on : 生产的最优条件concave :凹con cave function : 凹函数con cave prefere nee : 凹偏好consistenee : 一致性con sta nt cost in dustry : 成本不变产业con sta nt returns to scale : 规模报酬不变con stra ints :约束consumer :消费者con sumer behavior : 消费者行为con sumer choice : 消费者选择con sumer:消费者均衡equilibriumcon sumer optimizati on : 消费者优化con sumer prefere: 消费者偏好neecon sumer surplus : 消费者剩余con sumer theory : 消费者理论consumption :消费con sumpti on bundle : 消费束con sumpti on comb in ati on : 消费组合con sumpti on possibility curve : 消费可能曲线con sumpti on possibility fron tier : 消费可能性前沿con sumpti on set : 消费集con sumpti on space : 消费空间contin uity :连续性continu ous fun cti on : 连续函数contract curve : 契约曲线convex :凸convex function : 凸函数convex prefere nee : 凸偏好convex set :凸集corporatl on :公司cost :成本cost ben efit an alysis : 成本收益分cost function : 成本函数cost mi ni mizatio n : 成本极小化Cournot equilihrium : 古诺均衡Cournot model :古诺模型Cross —price elasticity : 交叉价格弹性dead —weights loss : 重负损失decreas ing cost in dustry : 成本递减产业decreas ing returns to scale : 规模报酬递减deduct ion :演绎法dema nd :需求dema nd curve : 需求曲线dema nd elasticity : 需求弹性dema nd function : 需求函数dema nd price : 需求价格dema nd schedule : 需求表depreciati on :折旧derivative :导数derive dema nd :派生需求differe nee equati on : 差分方程differe ntial equati on : 微分方程differe ntiated good : 差异商品differe ntiated oligoply : 差异寡头diminishing marginal substituti on : 边际替代率递减diminishing marginal return : 收益递减dimi nishi ng margi nal utility : 边际效用递减direct approach : 直接法direct taxes : 直接税disco un ti ng :贝占税、折扣disec ono mies of scale : 规模不经济disequilibrium :非均衡distribution : 分酉己divisi on of labour : 劳动分工distributio n theory of marginal productivity :边际生产率分配论duoupoly :双头垄断、双寡duality :对偶durable goods : 耐用品dyn amic an alysis :动态分析dyn amic models :动态模型Econo mic age nts : 经济行为者econo mic cost :经济成本econo mic efficie ncy : 经济效率economic goods :经济物品economic man :经济人economic mode :经济模型econo mic profit : 经济禾U润econo mic region of product ion : 生产的经济区域econo mic regulatio n : 经济调节econo mic rent :经济租金exchange :交换economics :经济学excha nge efficie ncy : 交换效率economy :经济excha nge contract curve : 交换契约曲线economy of scale : 规模经济Edgeworth box diagram : 埃奇沃思图exclusion :排斥性、排他性Edgeworth con tract curve : 埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model : 埃奇沃思模型efficie ncy : 效率，效益efficie ncy parameter : 效率参数elasticity :弹性elasticity of substitution : 替代弹性en doge nous variable : 内生变量endowment :禀赋en dowme nt of resources : 资源禀赋Engel curve :恩格尔曲线en trepre neur : 企业家entrepren eurship : 企业家才能en try barriers : 进入壁垒en try/exit decisi on : 进出决策envolope curve : 包络线equilibrium :均衡equilibrium con diti on : 均衡条件equilibrium price : 均衡价格equilibrium qua ntity : 均衡产量eqity :公平equivale nt variati on in in come : 收入等价变量excess —capacity theorem : 过度生产能力定理excess supply :过度供给exchange :交换excha nge contract curve : 交换契约曲线exclusion :排斥性、排他性exclusion principle : 排他性原则existenee :存在性existe nee of gen eral equilibrium : 总体均衡的存在性exoge nous variables : 夕卜生变量expa nsion paths : 扩展径expectati on :期望expected utility : 期望效用expected value : 期望值expe nditure :支出explicit cost : 显性成本exter nal ben efit : 夕卜部收益exter nal cost : 夕卜部成本exter nal economy : 夕卜部经济exter nal disec onomy : 夕卜部不经济externalities :外部性Factor :要素factor dema nd : 要素需求factor market : 要素市场factors of producti on : 生产要素factor substituti on : 要素替代factor supply :要素供给fallacy of compositi on : 合成谬误final goods : 最终产品firm :企业firms ' dema nd curve for labor 企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve : 企业供给曲线first-degree price discrim in atio n : 第一级价格歧视first —order con diti on : —阶条件fixed costs : 固定成本fixed in put : 固定投入fixed proport ions product ion fun cti on : 固定比例的生产函数flow :流量fluctuati on :波动for whom to produce : 为谁生产free en try : 自由进入free goods : 自由品，免费品free mobility of resources :资源自由流动free rider : 搭便车，免费搭车fun ctio n :函数future value : 未来值game theory : 对策论、博弈论gen eral equilibrium : 总体均衡general goods : 一般商品Giffen goods :吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffe n's Paradox : 吉芬之谜Gini coefficie nt : 吉尼系数goldenrule :黄金规则goods :货物gover nment failure : 政府失败gover nment regulati on : 政府调控grand utility possibility curve : 总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier : 总效用可能前沿heteroge neous product : 异质产品Hicks —kaldor welfare criterio n : 希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity :齐次性homoge neous dema nd fun cti on : 齐次需求函数homoge neous product : 同质产品homoge neous producti on fun cti on : 齐次生产函数horiz on tal summati on : 水平禾口household :家庭how to produce : 女M可生产human capital : 人力资本hypothesis :假说ide ntity :恒等式imperfect competi on : 不完全竞争implicitcost:隐性成本in come :收入in come compe nsated dema nd curve : 收入补偿需求曲线in come con stra int : 收入约束in come con sumpti on curve : 收入消费曲线in come distributi on : 收入分酉己in come effect : 收入效应in come elasticity of dema nd : 需求收入弹性in creas ing cost in dustry : 成本递增产业in creas ing returns to scale : 规模报酬递增in efficie ncy :缺乏效率in dex nu mber : 指数in differe nee : 无差异in differe nee curve : 无差异曲线in differe nee map : 无差异族in differe nee relati on : 无差异关系in differe nee set : 无差异集in direct approach : 间接法in dividual an alysis : 个量分析in dividual dema nd curve : 个人需求曲线in dividual dema nd fun ctio n : 个人需求函数in duced variable : 弓丨致变量induction :归纳法industry :产业in dustry equilibrium : 产业均衡in dustry supply curve : 产业供给曲线in elastic :缺乏弹性的in ferior goods : 劣品inflection point : 拐点in formatio n :信息in formatio n cost : 信息成本ini tial con diti on : 初始条件in itial en dowme nt : 初始禀赋innovation :创新in put :投入in put —output :投入一产出in stituti on : 制度in stituti onal economics : 制度经济学in sura nee :保险in tereept :截距in terest :利息in terest rate : 禾利息率in termediate goods : 中间产品intern atizati on of exter nalities : 夕卜部性内部化invention :发明in verse dema nd fun etio n : 逆需求函数in vestme nt :投资in visible hand : 看不见的手isocost line : 等成本线，isoprofit curve : 等利润曲线isoqua nt curve : 等产量曲线isoquant map : 等产量族kinded —demand curve : 弯折的需求曲线labour :劳动labour dema nd :劳动需求labour supply :劳动供给labour theory of value : 劳动价值论labour unions :工会laissez faire : 自由放任Lagra ngia n function : 拉格朗日函数Lagra ngia n multiplier : 拉格朗乘数，land : 土地law :法则law of dema nd and supply : 供需法law of diminishing marginal utility : 边际效用递减法贝Ulaw of diminishing marginal rate of substituti on : 边际替代率递减法贝U law of diminishing marginal rate of tech ni cal substitutio n : 边际技术替代率law of in creas ing cost : 成本递增法贝Ulaw of one price : 单一价格法贝Uleader —follower model : 领导者--跟随者模型least —cost comb in ati on of in puts : 最低成本的投入组合leisure :闲暇Leon tief product ion function :列昂节夫生产函数licenses : 许可证lin ear dema nd function : 线性需求函数lin ear homoge neity : 线性齐次性lin ear homoge neous producti on function : 线性齐次生产函数long run : 长期long run average cost : 长期平均成本long run equilibrium : 长期均衡long run in dustry supply curve : 长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost : 长期边际成本long run total cost : 长期总成本Lorenz curve : 洛伦兹曲线loss mini mizati on : 损失极小化1ump sum tax : 一次性征税luxury :奢侈品macroec onomics : 宏观经济学marginal :边际的marginal ben efit : 边际收益marginal cost : 边际成本marginal cost pric ing : 边际成本定价marginal cost of factor : 边际要素成本margi nal physical productivity : 实际实物生产率marginal product : 边际产量marginal product of capital : 资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour : 劳动的边际产量marginal productivity : 边际生产率marginal rate of substituti on : 边替代率margi nal rate of tran sformatio n 边际转换率margi nal returns : 边际回扌报marginal revenue : 边际收益marginal revenue product : 边际收益产品margi nal revoluti on : 边际革命marginal social ben efit : 社会边际收益marginal social cost : 社会边际成本margi nal utility : 边际效用marginal value products : 边际价值产品market :市场market cleara nee : 市场结清，市场洗清market dema nd :市场需求market economy :市场经济market equilibrium : 市场均衡market failure : 市场失败market mecha nism : 市场机制market structure : 市场结构market separatio n : 市场分割market regulati on : 市场调节market share : 市场份额markup prici ng : 力口减定价法Marshallian dema nd fun ctio n : 马歇尔需求函数maximizati on : 极大化microec onomics : 微观经济学minimum wage : 最低工资misallocatio n of resources : 资源误置mixed economy :混合经济model :模型money :货币mono polistic competiti on : 垄断竞争mono polistic exploitati on : 垄断剥肖U mono poly :垄断，卖方垄断mono poly equilibrium : 垄断均衡mono poly prici ng : 垄断定价mono poly regulati on : 垄断调控mono poly rents : 垄断租金monopsony :买方垄断Nash equilibrium :纳什均衡Natural mon opoly : 自然垄断Natural resources : 自然资源Necessary con diti on : 必要条件necessities :必需品net dema nd :净需求nonconvex prefere nee : 非凸性偏好noncon vexity :非凸性nonexclusion :非排斥性nonlinear pricing : 非线性定价non rivalry : 非对抗性non price competiti on : 非价格竞争nonsatiation :非饱和性non--zero —sum game :非零和对策normal goods : 正常品no rmal profit : 正常利润no rmative economics : 规范经济学objective fun ctio n : 目标函数oligopoly :寡头垄断oligopoly market : 寡头市场oligopoly model : 寡头模型opport unity cost : 机会成本optimal choice : 最佳选择optimal con sumptio n bun die : 消费束perfect elasticity : 完全有弹性optimal resource allocati on : 最佳资源配置optimal scale : 最佳规模optimal soluti on :最优解optimizati on :优化orderi ng of optimizati on( social) prefere nee :(社会）偏好排序ordi nal utility : 序数效用ordinary goods : 一般品output :产量、产出output elasticity : 产出弹性output maximizati on 产出极大化Pparameter :参数Pareto criteri on : i 帕累托标准Pareto efficie ncy : 帕累托效率Pareto improveme nt : 帕累托改进Pareto optimality : 帕累托优化Pareto set :帕累托集partial derivative : 偏导数partial equilibrium : 局部均衡pate nt :专禾Upay off matrix : 收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived dema nd curve : 感觉至U的需求曲线perfect competiti on : 完全竞争perfect compleme完全互补品nt :perfect mon opoly : 完全垄断perfect price discrim in atio n : 完全价格歧视perfect substituti on : 完全替代品perfect in elasticity : 完全无弹性perfectly elastic : 完全有弹性perfectly in elastic : 完全无弹性plant size : 工厂规模point elasticity : 点弹性post Hoc Fallacy : 后此谬误predict ion :预测prefere nee :偏好prefere nee relatio n : 偏好关系prese nt value :现值price :价格price adjustme nt model : 价格调整模型price ceili ng :最高限价price con sumptio n curve : 价格费曲线price con trol : 价格管制price differe nee : 价格差另Uprice discrim in ati on : 价格歧视price elasticity of dema nd : 需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply : 供给价格弹性price floor : 最低限价price maker : 价格制定者price rigidity :价格刚性price seeker : 价格搜求者price taker : 价格接受者price tax : 从价税private ben efit : 私人收益principal —agent issues : 委托--代理问题private cost : 私人成本private goods :私人用品private property : 私人财产producer equilibrium : 生产者均衡producer theory : 生产者理论product :产品product tran sformatio n curve : 产品转换曲线product differe ntiati on : 产品差异product group :产品集团product ion :生产product ion contract curve : 生产契约曲线product ion efficie ncy : 生产效率product ion function : 生产函数product ion possibility curve : 生产可能性曲线productivity : 生产率productivity of capital : 资本生产率productivity of labor : 劳动生产率profit :利润profit fun ction : 利润函数profit maximizati on : 禾U润极大化property rights : 产权property rights economics : 产权经济学propositi on :定理proporti onal dema nd curve : 成比例的需求曲线public ben efits : 公共收益public choice :公共选择public goods : 公共商品pure competiti on : 纯粹竞争rivalry :对抗性、竞争pure excha nge :纯交换pure monopoly :纯粹垄断qua ntity —adjustme nt model :数量调整模型qua ntity tax : 从量税quasi —rent : 准租金rate of product tran sformati on : 产品转换率ratio nality :理性reacti on function : 反应函数regulati on : 调节，调控relative price 相对价格rent :租金rent control : 规模报酬rent seek ing :寻租rent seek ing economics : 寻租经济学resource :资源resource allocati on : 资源配置returns :报酬、回报returns to scale : 规模报酬revealed prefere nee : 显示性偏好revenue :收益revenue curve : 收益曲线revenue function : 收益函数revenue maximizati on : 收益极大化ridge line :脊线risk :风险satiation :饱和，满足saving :储蓄scarcity : 稀缺性law of scarcity : 稀缺法则sec ond —degree price discrim in atio n :二级价格歧视sec ond derivative :-- 阶导数sec ond —order con diti on : 二阶条件service :劳务set :集shadow prices : 影子价格short —run :短期short —run cost curve : 短期成本曲线short —run equilibrium :短期均衡short —run supply curve : 短期供给曲线shut dow n decisi on : 关闭决策shortage 短缺shut dow n point : 关闭点sin gle price mon opoly : 单一定价垄断slope :斜率social ben efit : 社会收益social cost : 社会成本social in differe nee curve : 社会无差异曲线social prefere nee : 社会偏好social security : 社会保障social welfare fun ctio n : 社会福利函数socialism :社会主义solution :解space :空间stability :稳定性stable equilibrium : 稳定的均衡Stackelberg model : 斯塔克尔贝格模型static an alysis : 静态分析stock :存量stock market : 股票市场strategy :策略subsidy :津贴substitutes :替代品substitutio n effect : 替代效应substituti on parameter : 替代参数sufficie nt con diti on : 充分条件supply :供给supply curve : 供给曲线supply fun ctio n :供给函数supply schedule : 供给表Sweezy model :斯威齐模型symmetry : 对称性symmetry of in formatio n :信息对称tangency :相切taste :兴致tech ni cal efficie ncy : 技术效率tech no logical con stra ints ;技术约束tech no logical progress : 技术进步tech no logy :技术third —degree price discrim in ati on : 第三级价格歧视total cost : 总成本total effect : 总效应total expe nditure : 总支出total fixed cost : 总固定成本total product : 总产量total revenue : 总收益total utility : 总效用total variable cost : 总可变成本traditi onal economy : 传统经济tran sitivity :传递性transaction cost : 交易费用un certa inty : 不确定性uniqueness :唯一性unit elasticity :单位弹性un stable equilibrium : 不稳定均衡utility :效用utility fun ctio n : 效用函数utility in dex : 效用指数utility maximizati on : 效用极大化utility possibility curve : 效用可能性曲线utility possibility fron tier : 效用可能性前沿value :价值value judge :价值判断value of marginal product : 边际产量价值variable cost : 可变成本variable in put : 可变投入variables :变量vector : 向量visible ha nd :看得见的手vulgur economics :庸俗经济学wage :工资wage rate : 工资率Walras general equilibrium : 瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walras's law : 瓦尔拉斯法则Wants :需要Welfare criterio n : 福利标准Welfare economics : 福禾U经学Welfare loss trian gle : 福利损失三角形welfare maximizati on : 福禾U极大化Zzero cost : 零成本zero elasticity : 零弹性zero homoge neity : 零阶齐次性zero econo mic profit : 零禾U润。