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抽象的概念
• Time is like a fashionable host, that slightly
shakes his passing guest by the hand; and with
his arms stretched, as he would fly, grasps in
他只是摇头，脸上虽然刻着许多皱纹，却全然不动，
仿佛石像一样。
--鲁迅《故乡》
还似旧时游上苑，车如流水马如龙。
--李煜《忆江南》
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Light as a breeze, soft as a cloud. as cool as cucumber, cold as a marble, busy as a bee, firm as a rock, light as a feather, strong as a horse,like a duck to water, like a hen on a hot griddle, like a cat in a hole
不知为什么却不愿意把表扬的温暖阳光给予我们 的同伴。
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Personification
• The long flames sang their drumming chorus in voices of the heaviest bass. (物体，无形的自然现象）
the corner. The welcomes ever smile, and
farewell goes out sighing.
--William
Shakespeare
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Metonymy
• The kettle is boiling. • Give me our bread. • “你还记得李槐光吗？她原来同情过你，帮
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Quotation
• “ The moon,” writes Lawrence,“certainly isn’t a snowy cold world, like a world of our own gone cold.Nonsense, it is a globe of dynamic substance, like radium or phosphorus, coagulated upon a vivid pole of energy.” The defect of this statement is that happens to be demonstrably untrue.
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Stylistic
• Profession:
gardener—landscape-architect,
dustman—sanitation engineer, plumber—pipe
engineer, housewife—house maker or household
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Disease:look off color, under the weather, social disease, not all there,leprosy—Hansen’s disease, constipation--irregularity
• Sex: have relation with, go to bed with, sleep around; in a family way, in an interesting condition, join the club, in a delicate condition
• Excretion: pass water, go to stool, see the stars, get some fresh air, see one’s aunt, wash one’s hands
earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it.
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Context
• For instance, the nuns who never take a bath without wearing a bathrobe all the time, when asked why, since no man can see them, they reply, “Oh, but you forget the good God.” Apparently they conceive the Deity as a peeping Tom, whose omnipotence enables Him to see through bathroom walls, but who is foiled by bathrobes. This view strikes me as curious.
executive; tree-surgeon, shoe-rebuilder,
• The old,weak,sick and disabled: old people—senior citizen,old maid—single or unmarried, crippled— handicapped, insane asylum—mental hospital or rest house, drunkards—alcoholics; exceptional child
• A is to B what C is to D
The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.
Marx did for the development of society what Darwin did for the development of the biology.
breathe one’s last,come to an end, join the majority, go to one’s rest, sleep the final sleep, be gathered to one’s father, join one’s ancestor, be asleep in the Arms of God, return to dust, run one’s race, be no longer with us, go the way of all flesh; corpse— dearly departed,undertaker—funeral director, graveyard—churchyard, coffin--casket
助过咱们……，现在为了成为女诗人， • 她却成天读起莎士比亚了。”
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Synecdoche (提喻）
• No eye saw him,but a second later every ear heard a gunshot.（部分—整体）
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Metaphor
• Police work on inner city streets is a domestic Vietnam…
• I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed! • Her hostility melted. • He has a fertile imagination. • 他是现代哲学之父。 • 我们大多数人动不动就对别人刮起批评的寒风，
• Edelweiss, edelweiss,every morning you greet me. • It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor
of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion. （动物，植物）
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Irony
• Phrase: 1.We are lucky. It’s the other side on the 13th of
December. That makes us feel real good. 2. It saves a lot of trouble if, instead of having to
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Others
• Pawnshop（当铺）—loan office, used car （ 旧 车 ） —pre-owned car, commercial— message; 旧家具店说成antiques（古董）; 外交辞令the talks were frank（双方陈述了 各自的立场，未达成任何协议）