新东方唐静翻译笔记整理版转载自:/viewthread.php?tid=129509考研翻译：a. 弄清什么是翻译（理论、教学、实践）/（translation、interpretation、交传、simultaneously interpretation）b. 怎么做翻译1. 考研翻译中英汉语语言特点1）形合与意合2）繁复与简短3）被动与主动少用被字4）抽象与具体根据汉语习惯增加表示范畴和概念的词来解释具体Evolution:进化find 发现(成果、结果) tension:缓解中东的紧张（形势、局面）must(必去的地方/景点)past(过去的情况、现象、景象)2. 考研翻译的题型、题型特点、考试内容和评分标准1）考研翻译的题型2）考研翻译的题型特点划线句子是长难句，一般35词3）考研翻译的考试内容（1）考察专有名词（人名、地名、国家名称、术语98年big bang 大爆炸理论常识性）、词组（inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论operational research expert运筹学专家）多义词（school学派life生命生活熟词生义set:集合offend:排污超标）生词（2）考察一般性翻译技巧：a)词义选择：分析词根词缀multimedia determinism(决定论)、分析上下文、根据汉语习惯搭配来翻译、寻找汉语同义词翻译aspect问题elegant 完善的，完美的b)词序调整：中英文词序不对等c)词性转换：介词换动词，名词换动词（emphasis）d)生词法(3)考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法：定语状语宾语主语表语同位语并列比较倒装插入强调被动否定形式主语there be4）考研翻译的评分标准：分段给分微观评分综合扣分3. 考研翻译解题中的常见问题（只可意会不可言传、表达不清）和应对策略理解的关键在于理解英语的语法结构；表达的关键在于用汉语习惯来调整和翻译4. 考研翻译的步骤、标准和方法(严复：信、达、雅)标准：准确、通顺、完整步骤：通读全句，准确理解分析成分，划分意群选择词义，贴切表达适当调整，书写译文One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind（心理状态）, feelings, traits of character(性格特征), human nature, and so on.一个困难在于几乎所有（全部）所谓的行为科学——一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部根据心理状态、情感、性格特征、人性等来寻找行为的根源——to: According to——Trace to: find the original thing according to sth.The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining thebehavior of the individual is only beginning to be recongnized and studied.得以认识加以研究Formula molecule formula(分子式)Nasdaq 纳斯达克hedge fund对冲基金nikki index同声传译：（1）翻译思维训练（2）跟读训练：跟读汉语，跟读英语（3）影子训练（shadow training）读完英语说答案定语从句其有两种翻译方法：绝对重点、考点1.前置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词前面。
(short)Furthermore, humans have the ability to/ modify the environment/ in which they live,/ thus subjecting all other life forms to /their own peculiar ideas and fancies.而且，therefore,hence,thusSubject(1)n:科目课程主题,对象New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to newstandards of elegance.（2）使…服从于life forms生命形式代词所指，首先指代明确，常常往前看。
遵循就近和一致原则。
万不得已，仍用代词翻译或者可以用“这种情况/说法/观点”来翻译But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past（过去的情景）, for what they were seeing were the patterns（形状）and structures that existed 15 billion years ago还原强调部分后，直接翻译How well（在多大程度上）the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it（指代information）is interpreted.(解释信息)This trend began during the Second World War, when（当时）several governments came to the conclusion （得出结论）that the specific demands （that a government wants to make）of its scientific establishment（机构）cannot generally be foreseen in detail.（详细预见）同位语从句的翻译：加“:”同位语从句与定语从句的区别：同位语从句是一句完整的话，不缺少任何成份；定语从句的先行词的数量很多，而同位语的先行词数量则很少，常用的有news、fact、conclusion、idea、suggestion等定语从句需前置：如果定语从句结构简单，信息负载量不大，并且与先行词的关系比较密切，翻译时前置。
定语从句后置需要重复先行词。
2.后置：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面。
(long)人名地名1、遵照习惯2、根据音译Cliton（1）Pearson has pieced together（已经汇集了）the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce(编定、编制) a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest（最晚的、最迟的）dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.（2）Actually（事实并非如此）, it isn't(这种说法是错误的), because it assumes（假设）that there is an agreed（一致的）account（认识）of human rights, which（an agreed account）is something (无需翻译)the world does not have（存在）.（3）There will be television chat shows(电视聊天节目，不能用“秀”) hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that（cars）will disable（不能运行，行使）them when they offend(污染超标，违规)时态的翻译：增词法1.所有跟过去相关的时态增加“过去”、“一直”、“已经”还有“了”；2.所有跟进行相关的时态常常用“正在”3.所有跟将来相关的时态用“将”、“将要/将会”、“就要”Digital age will have arrived.届时数字时代到来。
Short屹立相形见绌monk 和尚there be句型的翻译：通常用“有”来翻译1.用英语原文中的状语作汉语译文的主语，再加“有”2.加汉语的泛指主语，如“人们”、“大家”、“每一个人”、“我们”3.直接翻译“有”，翻译成汉语的无主句（有、出现、存在）There will be a warm winter.（4）"In short", a leader of the new school(学派) contends（说，指出，认为）, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded（拓展）the reach（领域）of science in innumerable directions." 73) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.常考动词：contend argue assert claim allege mentain长句猜意拆分与组合：拆出主句，分清从句拆出主干，分清层次六个拆分点：1.连词；2.引导词；3.介词；4.分词；5.to；6.标点7单个单词不能拆分拆分的法则：语法；组合的法则：汉语习惯。