实验三树的应用一.实验题目：树的应用——哈夫曼编码二.实验内容：利用哈夫曼编码进行通信可以大大提高信道的利用率，缩短信息传输的时间，降低传输成本。

根据哈夫曼编码的原理，编写一个程序，在用户输入结点权值的基础上求哈夫曼编码。

要求：从键盘输入若干字符及每个字符出现的频率，将字符出现的频率作为结点的权值，建立哈夫曼树，然后对各个字符进行哈夫曼编码，最后打印输出字符及对应的哈夫曼编码。

三、程序源代码:#include <iostream.h>#include <fstream.h>#include <string.h>#include <stdlib.h>typedef struct{char data;int weight;int parent,lchild,rchild;}HTNode,*HuffmanTree;typedef char * * HuffmanCode;void Select(HuffmanTree &HT,int n,int m){HuffmanTree p=HT;int tmp;for(int j=n+1;j<=m;j++){int tag1,tag2,s1,s2;tag1=tag2=32767;for(int x=1;x<=j-1;x++){ if(p[x].parent==0&&p[x].weight<tag1){ tag1=p[x].weight;s1=x;}}for(int y=1;y<=j-1;y++){ if(p[y].parent==0&&y!=s1&&p[y].weight<tag2){ tag2=p[y].weight;s2=y;}}if(s1>s2) //将选出的两个节点中的序号较小的始终赋给s1{ tmp=s1; s1=s2; s2=tmp;}p[s1].parent=j;p[s2].parent=j;p[j].lchild=s1;p[j].rchild=s2;p[j].weight=p[s1].weight+p[s2].weight;}}void HuffmanCoding(HuffmanTree &HT,int n,char *w1,int*w2){int m=2*n-1;if(n<=1) return;HT=(HuffmanTree)malloc((m+1)*sizeof(HTNode));HuffmanTree p=HT;for(int i=1;i<=n;i++){ p[i].data=w1[i-1];p[i].weight=w2[i];p[i].parent=p[i].lchild=p[i].rchild=0;}for(;i<=m;i++){ p[i].weight=p[i].parent=p[i].lchild=p[i].rchild=0; }Select(HT,n,m);ofstream outfile; //生成hfmTree文件outfile.open("hfmTree.txt",ios::out);for (i=1;i<=m;i++){outfile<<HT[i].weight<<"\t"<<HT[i].parent<<"\t"<<HT[i].lchild <<"\t"<<HT[i].rchild<<"\t"<<endl;}outfile.close();cout<<"初始化结果已保存在hfmTree文件中\n";}void ToBeTree() //将正文写入文件ToBeTree中{ofstream outfile;outfile.open("ToBeTree.txt",ios::out);outfile<<"THIS PROGRAM IS MYFAVORITE";outfile.close();}void Encoding(HuffmanTree &HT,int n) //编码{HuffmanCode HC;HC=(HuffmanCode)malloc((n+1)*sizeof(char *));char *cd;cd=(char *)malloc(n*sizeof(char));cd[n-1]='\0';for(int k=1;k<=n;k++){ int start=n-1;for(int c=k,f=HT[k].parent;f!=0;c=f,f=HT[f].parent){ if(HT[f].lchild==c) cd[--start]='0';else cd[--start]='1';}HC[k]=(char *)malloc((n-start)*sizeof(char));strcpy(HC[k],&cd[start]);}cout<<"输出哈夫曼编码:"<<endl;for(int h=1;h<=n;h++) //输出编码{ cout<<HT[h].data<<":";cout<<HC[h];cout<<" ";if (h%8==0) cout<<endl;}cout<<endl<<"输出正文编码:"<<endl;ToBeTree();//读取TOBETREE文件里的正文，并进行编码fstream infile;infile.open("ToBeTree.txt",ios::in);char s[80];while(!infile.eof()){infile.getline(s,sizeof(s));}infile.close();fstream outfile;outfile.open("CodeFile.txt",ios::out);int count=0;for (h=0;s[h]!='\0';h++){ for(k=1;k<=n;k++)if (s[h]==HT[k].data){ cout<<HC[k];cout<<" ";count++;outfile<<HC[k];break;}if (count%9==0) cout<<endl; //每输出7个换行}outfile.close();cout<<"\n编码结果已保存在文件CodeFile中.";cout<<endl;}void Decoding(HuffmanTree &HT,int n) //译码{int f=2*n-1;fstream infile;infile.open("CodeFile.txt",ios::in);char s[1000];while(!infile.eof()){infile.getline(s,sizeof(s));}infile.close();int i=0;int j=0;fstream outfile;outfile.open("TextFile.txt",ios::out);while(s[i]!='\0'){ f=2*n-1;while(HT[f].lchild!=0)//以f对应的节点的左孩子的值==0作为结束{if (s[j]=='0') f=HT[f].lchild;else f=HT[f].rchild;j++;}i=j;cout<<HT[f].data;outfile<<HT[f].data;}outfile.close();cout<<"\n译码结果已保存在文件TextFile中.";cout<<endl;}void Print() //印代码文件{ int count=0;fstream infile;infile.open("CodeFile.txt",ios::in);char s[1000];while(!infile.eof()){infile.getline(s,sizeof(s));for(int i=0;s[i]!='\0';i++){ cout<<s[i];count++;if (count%50==0) cout<<endl; //在终端上每行显示50个代码}}infile.close();cout<<endl;}char menu() //菜单函数{ cout<<"功能菜单如下:"<<endl;cout<<"* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *"<<endl;cout<<" I:初始化(Initialization) "<<endl;cout<<" E:编码(Encoding) "<<endl;cout<<" D:译码(Decoding) "<<endl;cout<<" P:印代码文件(Print) "<<endl;cout<<" Q:退出(Exit) "<<endl;cout<<"* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *"<<endl;cout<<"请输入功能字符:";char ch;cin>>ch;return ch;}void main(){ int n;int Array[100];char cArray[100];HuffmanTree HT;cout<<"输入n个字符:";cin.getline(cArray,100);n=strlen(cArray);cout<<"一共"<<n<<"个字符.\n";cout<<"依次输入各个字符的权值:"<<endl;for (int i=1;i<=n;i++) cin>>Array[i];int tag;char x=menu();while(1){ switch (x){case 'I':HuffmanCoding(HT,n,cArray,Array);break;case 'E':Encoding(HT,n);break;case 'D':Decoding(HT,n);break;case 'P':Print();break;case 'Q':tag=0;cout<<"结束"<<endl;break;default:cout<<"你输入错误!"<<endl;}if(tag==0) break;cout<<"y(继续) or n(退出)"<<endl;char ch;cin>>ch;if (ch=='y'){ cout<<"请输入功能字符:";char c;cin>>c;x=c;}else exit(1);}}测试数据：用下表给出的字符集和频度的实际统计数据建立哈夫曼树，并实现以下报文的译码和编码:"THIS PROGRAM IS MY FAVORITE".字符空格 A B C D E F G H I J K L M频度186 64 13 22 32 103 21 15 47 57 1 5 32 20 字符N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z频度57 63 15 1 48 51 80 23 8 18 1 16 1四.测试结果：如图一所示五.实验体会通过本次实验，尤其在自己对程序的调试过程中，感觉对树的存储结构，终结状态，还有编码，译码的过程都有了比较清晰的认识。