专业英语写作考点总结Part ІAcademic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose,organization, style, flow and presentation.（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。
2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分(1) description of a situation （描述情况）(2) Identification of a problem （甄别问题）(3) Description of a solution （描述解决方法）(4) Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）例：won’t改为will not(2) Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定形式）例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3) Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用多个词连用的表达法）例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。
(4) Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing atextbook or other instructional materials). （避免向读者说“你”）例：You can see the results in Table 1.改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.(5) Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while inothers they are not. （使用直接引语时需谨慎）例：What can be done to lower costs?改为：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.(6) Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：This model was developed by Krugman originally.改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.(7) Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.改为：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.习题：（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.错误：使用了you。
改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.（2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of possibilities.错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。
改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground.错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。
改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground.（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。
改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used bybuilders more widely than it is now as a construction material.错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。
改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used than it is now as a construction material.（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc.错误：使用了etc。
改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。
改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing（专业写作的两个基本结构）1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）(1) general-specific structure （泛论-特指(GS)结构）(2) problem-process-solution structure （问题-过程-解决方法）2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following:（GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）(1) A short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义）(2) A contrastive or comparative definition （对比或比较定义）(3) A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述）(4) A statement of fact. （事实陈述）3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system.（超级坐标词）4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题：p23(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used(2). device that is capable of —> device capable of(3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from(5). This sentence cannot be reduced.(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octavehigher(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a processinvolving the selective transport(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> acelestial body with approximately the same mass5、考题类型：句子排序例题：P276、Comparative Definitions（对比性定义）（1）比较定义基本上有两类：1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。