当前位置:文档之家› 进化发育生物学的兴起

进化发育生物学的兴起





进化发育生物学的发展历程(合分合三个阶段)
三、发育生物学与进化生物学的再度联合即进化发育生物学的产生

产生的原因:基因序列手段的成熟和基因序列测定资料的大量积累。如今 的发育生物育的问题, 而分子遗传学尤其是基因序列测定为发育生物学家理解进化以及进化生物 学家理解发育奠定了基础。 1970s后期,哈佛大学的科学家们,如Stephen J.Gould把研究进化集中在 生物发身的潜能上。
(a) Cell-fate specification in the ventral epidermis of C. elegans. The 12 Pn.p cells are distributed equally between the pharynx and the rectum. P(1,2,9–11).p have an epidermal fate and fuse with the hypodermal syncytium hyp7 (white ovals). P(3–8).p form the vulva equivalence group and have the spatial pattern3°-3°-2°1°-2°-3°. 3° cells (dotted ovals) divide once and fuse with hyp7. 2° cells (grey ovals) generate seven progeny and form the terior and posterior part of the vulva. The 1° cell (black oval) generates eight progeny, some of which connect the vulva to the terus. The anchor cell is shown as a small grey circle. P12.p (hyp12) has a special fate and forms part of the rectum. (b) Modes of vulva induction in species of three different families of nematodes. Oscheius, two-step induction with both steps provided by the AC (small whitecircle). C. elegans, one-step induction. P. pacificus, continuous induction from early gonadal stages until the birth of the AC. Teratorhabditis palmarum and Brevibucca sp. are species with a posterior vulva not requiring a gonadal induction. Panagrolaimus sp. And Halocephalobus sp. with a two-step and threestep induction, respectively. Arrows indicate cell–cell interactions. The gonad is shown as a long white oval. Outer (2°) vulval fates are shown in grey, inner (1°) vulval fates are shown in black. Phylogeny is based on


Peterson and Davidson认为寒武纪发生的生物是带有镜像身体结构而产 生的。这两位作者都谈到了两侧对称生物的起源,并综述了遗传进
化是它们发育所必须的。


生物机体进化发育的演化发展
在寒武纪以后,两辐对称动物分成了3个主要的系统分支
(每一个分支给我们提供了一条深入研究进化发育的独特路线) Shangkland and Seaver讨论了环节动物的体轴和每个体节的形成。


进化发育生物学的发展历程(合分合三个阶段)
一、发育生物学与进化生物学从19s初-19s末是彼此联系的统一体

1828年Von Baer经过对脊椎动物胚胎发育进行长期研究,就有关胚胎发 育和进化的关系提出了著名的“生物发生律(biogenetic law)”:较高一 级动物饿胚胎并不重现相关较低一级动物的成体形式。但它们的胚胎发育 阶段非常的相似。 在1895年,《物种起源》一书出版时,达尔文注意到动物胚胎的一些部 分反映了其较原始物种成体的特征。动物胚胎发育对于了解生物进化的重 要性,并把胚胎视为动物之间进化关系的可靠线索。 1860s至19世纪末,德国动物学家Ernst Haeckel 根据这一现象提出了有 名 “个体发育重演系统发育”,明确提出发育与进化之间存在有机联系。


进化发育生物学的发展历程(合分合三个阶段)
二、发育生物学与进化生物学的彼此分离发生于19世纪末叶

20世纪大部分时间里,由于生物发生律受到怀疑,胚胎学与进化生物学间 裂缝不断加宽。许多胚胎生物学家曾企图认定生物发生的物质机制。进化 生物学家曾锻造所谓的新达尔文主义的综合进化理论,是自然选择与物种 特征的遗传学研究统一起来,但他们忽略了那些特征在个体发育中的发展。 1894年Roux发表了用 实验方法即热针烫死蛙胚部分分裂球的方法研究发 育机理的文章,从而开创了用实验方法研究胚胎发育的新时代。大批胚胎 生物学家聚集在海洋生物实验站,探索各种海洋动物胚胎的细胞谱系以及 细胞发育的命运。 1898年,胚胎学家Edmund B. Wilson认为:“个体发生经常所表现的并非 祖先历史的确定的记录,而是多少有些模糊与不连续的陈迹。” 20s初至1970s末,胚胎学家对胚胎如何发育比对胚胎如何进化更感兴趣, 而对系统发育的研究则逐渐失去了兴趣。
Asymmetric divisions and the evolution of multicellularity in Volvox carteri. (A) A wildtype spheroid. (B) A Mul, multiple gonidia, spheroid. A mulB mutation results in a one-cycle delay in the occurrence of asymmetric divisions. As a result, there are more cells in the spheroid at the time of the asymmetric divisions and more cells undergo asymmetric divisions. This results in an increased number of large cells and a subsequent increase in the number of gonidia. (A and B) Arrowheads indicate representative gonidia. Smaller cells are somatic cells. (C) A GlsA RegA spheroid. A glsA mutation results in no asymmetric divisions. As a result there are no cells large enough to differentiate into gonidia and all cells differentiate as somatic cells. As GlsA mutants are sterile, they must be kept as a GlsA RegA double. In RegA mutants somatic cells redifferentiate as gonidia



Comparison of early embryogenesis betweenC. elegans (a–d) and A. nanus (e– h).(a,e) Early cell-lineage trees. Arrows indicatesthe generation of the primordial germ cell P4,which occurs at the 24-cell stage in C. elegans and the 5cell stage in A. nanus.(b,f) Cell arrangements in the early embryo.(c) If EMS is isolated by removing all three neighbors, the E cell will not form gut. (d) If EMS is recombined with the germline precursor P2, gut is formed indicating that an EMS– P2 interaction is required for gut formation. (g) In A. nanus, all blastomeres of the 3-cell stage can generate gut fate. (h) If AB is ablated in the 3-cell stage, it is replaced by EMS indicating a regulative potential, unknown in

Akam and Patel阐述了怎么样运用分子胚胎学工具来进一步了解节肢动物身 体各部分的进化。尽管这两类动物身体形态结构不同,但是这两个分支都属 于原肢类动物门,而且有共同祖先相联系。然而,它们共同祖先是谁以及引 起原肢类和后口动物体轴倒转的进化路径到底是怎么回事,这些都不清楚。
相关主题