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关于主动形式表示被动意义

关于主动形式表示被动意义、动词形态不对应、动词的语态
1. 连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动,因为连系动词为不及物动词,它们没有被动语态形式。

如:
The building looks very beautiful. 这座建筑看上去很美。

Your idea proved to be wrong. 你的想法证实是错的。

2. 当open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时,通常用主动形式表示被动意义:
The door won’t shut. 这门关不上。

The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。

3. 有的动词本身含有被动意味,通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。

如:
Her coat caught on the nail. 她的大衣被钉子钩住了。

Her eyes filled with tears. 她眼睛里充满了眼泪。

4. 不定式to blame, to let 用作表语时,通常要用主动表被动。

如:
Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢?
The house is to let. 此屋出租。

5. 某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。

如:
The book is difficult to understand. 这书很难懂。

The music isn’t pleasant to listen to. 这音乐不好听。

The picture is interesting to look at. 这幅画看起来挺有趣的。

注:这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语,按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式,但习惯上却要用主动表被动。

这类形容词常见的有convenient, dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, safe, tough, tricky, unpleasant 等。

6. 不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时,如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,通常用主动形式表示被动意义。

如:
Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗?
I have some clothes to wash. 我有一些衣服要洗。

I want something to drink. 我想喝点什么。

注:若不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,则应用被动式,比较:
I have something to type. 我有些东西要打(字)。

(指自己打字)
I have something to be typed. 我有些东西要打(字)。

(指请人打字)
7. 在too…to do sth 和…enough to do sth这两个结构中,若句子主语与其后不定式为to do sth被动关系,则该不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义(有时也可直接用被动式)。

如:
The writing is too faint to read. 这笔迹太模糊,看不清。

These boxes are not strong enough to use [to be used] as a platform. 这些箱子不够牢,不能用作站台。

8. be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动。

如:
This movie is worth seeing. 这部影片值得一看。

She’s not worth getting angry with. 犯不上跟她生气。

注:与worth相似的worthy却不一样,其后不接动名词而接不定式(若接动名词则其前应有介词of),且要用被动式表示被动含义:
This book is worthy to be read [of being read]. 这本书值得一读。

9. 在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义。

如:
The house needs cleaning. 房子需要打扫了。

These children require looking after. 这些孩子需要照看。

This wall requires repairing. 这面墙需要修理了。

注:该结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表被动。

如:
The house needs to be cleaned. 房子需要打扫了。

These children require to be looked after. 这些孩子需要照看。

动词形态不对应
一个好的句子中,每个等立成分都要以相同的形式出现。

这种句法加强了文字的功力,使文章产生更大的效益。

如果同一句中应该等立的成分不对应,不但效益不好,而且也是一种句法上的缺陷。

下面两则广告中的第二个动词形态就和前面的不对应,因此属于一种字形上的错误:
① If you intend t o buy or sell your property or having any queries, please feel free to call me .
② You will be in charge of interviewing and shortlisting candidates and to assist in the recruitment of 500 staff.
在第一句里的“having”应改为“have”才对。

不然,就要把这个分句完全写出来:
“…… or if you have any queries, ……”
第二句里的“and”是衔接前面的动名词“interviewing and shortlisting”和后面的动名词“assisting”。

显然,这里不用动名词而用不定式动词“to assist”,也是犯了动词形式不对应的错误,非改正不可。

还有,根据字词的排列,“shortlisting”要排在“ interviewing”前面,才合逻辑。

①和②这类的错误相当普遍。

虽然这样的错误不会影响人们对文章的理解,但是总不是件文字上的好事,还是多多注意,尽量避免好。

同样的,下列 5 个从学生作业中找出来的句子,也犯了同样的毛病:
③ This will enable the parent to experience the new style of life and allows him or her enough time to consider settling down.
④ Utopianism violates the human conscience, denies privacy to individuals and discard human rights.
⑤ They have to reach a decision on either sending their child to a day-care centre or employ a maid.
⑥ It is very hard to relate the stories through other means and at the same time retains the critical aspects of the book.
⑦ This pr oblem can be solved by developing correct language skills, concentrating on studies day by day, and try not to exert too much pressure.
③到⑦句子里的动词形态的错误是明显的,改正也是容易的,即:
③ allow; ④ discards; ⑤ employing; ⑥ retain; ⑦ trying.
动词的语态
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。

主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。

1)若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。

此类动词为感官动词。

feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.
2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。

Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.。

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