• (1) Mary’s dog is cute. (=p)
• (2) Mary has a dog. (=q)
• (3) p >> q
• When we produce the opposite of the sentence in (1) by negating it (=NOT p), as in (3), we find that the relationship of presupposition doesn’t change. That is, the same proposition q, repeated as (4), continues to be presupposed by NOT p, as shown in (5).
Entailment-----is sth that logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance. -----Sentences, not speakers, have entailments.
• How to distinguish them?
b is the entailment of a. c is the presupposition of a.---- a >> c
• Mary’s brother bought three horses.
The speaker has the following presuppositions:
• a entails b on two conditions: If a is true, b is true. If a is false, b is true, or b is false.
• a presupposes b on two conditions: If a is true, b is true. If a is false, b is still true.
c. John is not married. c b
2.a. John managed to stop the car. a b & c
b. John stopped the car.
c. John tried to stop the car.
d. John did not manage to stop the car. d c
• A person called Mary exists.
• She has a brother.
• Mary has only one brother.
All are the speaker’s and
• He has a lot of money.
All can be wrong.
The sentence has entailment: • Mary’s brother bought something. • He bought three animals. • He bought two horses. • He bought one horse. • many other logical consequences.
Pragmatic Presupposition
1
Introduction of presupposition
2
Types of presupposition
3
Characteristics of presupposition
4
Presupposition triggers
5
methodology
Entailment and presupposition
• The differences between them
Presupposition---is something the speaker assumes to be case prior to making an utterance
---Speaker, not sentence, have presupposition. ---Speaker assumes it is known by listeners.
These entailments follow from the sentence, regardless of whether the speaker’s beliefs are right or wrong. They are communicated without being said.
Types of presupposition
• In many discussion of the concept, presupposition is treated as relationship between two propositions. If we say that the sentence in (1) contains the proposition p and the sentence in (2) contains the proposition q, then, using the symbol >> to mean ‘presuppose’, we can represent the relationship as in (3).
• Generally speaking, there are two kinds of presupposition : semantic presupposition and pragmatic presupposition
• 1. Existential presupposition: 2. Factive presupposition: 3. Non-factive presupposition 4. Lexical presupposition 5. Structural presupposition 6. Counterfactual presupposition
• (3) Mary’s dog isn’t cute. ( = NOT p)
• (4) Mary has a dog.
(=q)
• (5) NOT p >> q
•
constant under negation
• 1.a. John is mats.
---presupposition