河南科技学院2011届本科毕业论文The Differences of Table manners between Chinese and United States中美餐桌礼仪文化对比学生姓名：王玲慧所在系别：____外国语言文学系所学专业：英语导师姓名：苏继秋完成时间： 2015年5月On the Mechanism of MetaphorWanglinghuiXinke College of Henan Institute of Science and TechnologyMay, 2011Contents Acknowledgments (i)Abstract (ii)摘要 (ⅲ)I. Introduction (1)II. .Differences of table manners (1)Arrangement of seat (2)of seat in Chinese way (2)of seat in American way (3)reason of seat arrangement (3)Tablewars (5)how to use and where to put Chinese tableware (5)Chopsticks..................................................... . (5)Spoon.......................................................... . (5)Plate.................................................... (5)Glass (6)Napkin (6)How to use and where to put American table ware (7)Knife and fork........................................................... (8)Spoon.......................................................... .. (8)The right order to use tableware...................................................... . (8)that cause the differences between table wares (9)right order of dish up............................................................. (9)order.......................................................... . (9)order.......................................................... .. (10)value that reflected by those order (10)atmosphere at table ......................................................... (10)The way to finish eating ........................................................ .. (11)3. Conclusion..................................................... . (11)Bibliography (12)AcknowledgmentsFour years of study life in this season drew to an end, but in my life is only a comma, again, I will face the beginning of the journey. Four years of academic careers in the support from the teachers and friends, go hard but harvest full capsule, ina forthcoming paper, mind, and I'm ripping mad. Great celebrityworship for me, but I have more eagerly to my respect and praise for an ordinary person, my mentor. I am not your best student, and you are my most respected teacher Your rigor, knowledgeable, thoughtful, view holds that build a good mental atmosphere for me To teach fishing is better than teach them to fish, in which, narrative, osmosis, made me not only to accept new ideas, set up the magnificent academic goals, grasp the basic way of thinking, from paper topics chosen to essay writing guide, by your loving hands, after thinking again understanding, often let me have all have no way, scenes and village. Thanks to my mom and dad, how much breakwater grass, tree back, gratefulness, repay you, you always healthy and happy is my biggest wish .In the paper the completed, my heart can't calm, from began to enter the subject thesis is completed, how many respectable teachersFriends gave me speechless help, here please accept my sincere appreciation. At the same time also thank college graduation design for I provide a good environment.AbstractThis essay is aseptically talk about the differences of table manners between Chinese and the United States. In the modern society ,they have a lot of cross between Chinese and America in table manners. It has influenced Chinese people and America people in their normal life which involves a lot of aspects in table manners. About this essay ,we will talk about more different between Chinese and America, for example ,the different ways people sit for meal ,the different dining culture and different table wares and so on . At the same time, it can make us understand the situation. From this way ,we can know that the culture background of America ,and it isalso can help Chinese people to built harmonious relationship with America people.Key words :table manners, table culture ,difference ,Chinese and America ,culture background摘要这篇文章特别讲述了中国和美国餐桌礼仪文化的不同之处和相同之处。

在当今的社会中，中国和美国餐桌礼仪文化有很多的交叉点。

餐桌礼仪文化在很多方面影响着中国和美国。

关于这篇文章，我们将关于中国和美国餐桌礼仪文化迥异方面进行探讨，例如，餐桌上吃饭座次的不同，不同的饮食文化，以及餐桌上的餐具不同等等。

与此同时，餐桌礼仪文化能让我们理解所处的情景。

从这个方面，我们可以知道美国的背景文化，以及它可以帮助中美人民建立良好的关系。

关键词：餐桌文化，不同点，文化背景，餐桌礼仪I. IntroductionWith the development of global economy , it is more frequentfor Chinese to communicate with America and very easy to know the difference between Chinese and America . one of the most important things is that it is easy for you to learn the difference of table manners.It is very normal for people to have dinner of life. On the opposite ,to eat dinner is an important part of people’s life.“John Loke ,a well-known British philosopher once said ,the purpose of playing a ceremonial role is to change the original stubborn to gentle ,so that people’s temper can get more moderate and let people learn to respect for others and get along with each others .”(Duan ,Chen ,2008)It is no reason that some people who don’t know each other begin to know. Those acquaintances can get well understand of others’ to say love to each other. The reason that why table manners is so fantastic is that it give us a kind of way to acquiring more information ,there is no doubt that table manners are really important in people’s normal life. There have lots of differences between Chinese and America in food cultures, and this differences will make different table manners.China is a country who with five thousand civilizations in the world. Chinese nation is the civilization that is only with the inheritance millennium ,but the United States of America have experienced the darkness of Middle Ages and to the Renaissance ,ithad divided the capitalism and modern civilization. Nowadays, globalization has developed a lot ,on the one side, Chinese has become more and more stronger than before. There a lot of foreign people come to China ,and we may be invited by America’s friends. This essay is mainly talk about the differences of table manners between Chinese and America. It aims to approach to make the communication more successfully.II. Differences of table manners“Social customs differ greatly from one country to another . it is therefore impossible to give guidelines that are universally applicable. To be honest ,you should act naturally ,always remaining friendly ,courteous, and dignified.”( Qian,2006).It is ideology for Chinese to have the collective consciousness when American is individualism. For this reason while American people are invited to join the dinner or party ,they will have their own plan to have what kind meal and drink their own wine ,avoiding to push others people to accept their ideas not on their own will. On the other hand ,Chinese people would think this kind of doing is ridiculous . the reason why they think so is that Chinese culture, individual should have the consciousness. China has important harmonization, and there goes to say that Harmony is most precious. So that Chinese people like to come together and eat together.of seatof seat in Chinese wayAs for the seat to eat meals in China, Chinese people always choose round tables when they eat together. It has lots of rules for people to eat in China, such as, where to out the round table, which seat is for the important guest and so on.In the old time, Chinese people use the number of table to stop the kind of banquet. It has two little tables, both on the right and left. As for the larger banquet, will be four or five tables ,with more complicated rules for people to obey. The top table always on the right hand and farthest to portal . What’s more, the distance to the top table is also very important . To be honest ,the seat which is very close to the top seat is consider precedence. For example ,when you take part in wedding ,all the numbers of your family who is the leader of the bride must be arranged the table that which is very close to the top table. And hosts should arrange the guest on this way by relationship .There has a very import thing is that the host sit after all the guest have the seat.of seat in American wayAmerican people are more like long table rather than round table while having meal with friends. The host and the hostess are sit at both top of this long table ,and the guest sit at the other seat.Man and woman are should be arranged to seat alternately. The most important guest will have a seat at the toper right side of the host .American gentleman is very focus on about lady first, they are always hospitable to ladies. But in China, left is honor and the left is secondary ;of course in the front of right and the left is slant. While in American, right is honor and left is secondary.The right way to take the seat in American is sit by the left hand, elbow can not put onto the table and your hands are not allow to touch feet. It is good for you not to walk around before the meal is finished(unless you really have some thing to do immediately ) .When at diner ,it do you well to sit straightly.reason of seat arrangementThe main idea of Chinese seat arrangement is that Chinese culture , Chinese culture is a kind of group with consciousness, and the people confirm that individual should obey the group consciousness, so that Chinese people use the round table for friends to get together for meal. The different table manners of China and the United States culture is an important part of national cultural differences of China and the United States. Traditional western culture is a farming culture and Marine culture, and China's farming culture and land culture, two different cultures reflect the differences in lifestyle, including table manners culturaldifferences is the typical one aspect, each country, each region of the people are consciously or unconsciously revealed in the diet with its profound cultural background. The Chinese comparison pay attention to taste, so tend to be more careful when cook, every detail to do very well. Sometimes a dish may need a long time to prepare food in advance, in order to achieve the desired taste, when doing the cooking for a long time. Thus improve the taste of Chinese food, now more and more foreigners like Chinese food. Chinese dishes in color, flavor or above the top of the other, are delicate, even above the order of the material is very special.In the United States table habits and China have in common, Is there much of a difference in, For instance, Americans go in on the left side of the table is also from the seat, Also can't literally of dishes on the table, Their elbows can't in the above table. In a formal banquet, The guest to wait for the host put his napkin on his knees, To put his napkin, Due to western men have the custom of the gentleman poise, Men to help women move seats, This and the Chinese culture and etiquette is a little difference, Because China has experienced the baptism of thousands of years of feudal ideas, So led to a woman in no man of high social status. But as the accelerating exchanges between Chinese and western culture, Chinais also slowly moving closer to the west. Chinese woman now is becoming more and more respected is not far from the dinner. About the dinner, the two sides also has the very big difference, Chinese meal of the time like to use chopsticks, Drink the soup with a spoon. When dishes, First led by the guest, to eat, Can't make a sound when you eat, You should use a spoon slowly drink soup, Can not directly use bowl to drink. When the dish, May be they are far away, We eat less as far as possible, Eat don't flush when you eat ,It is necessary to the appropriate pay attention to the people around you, Don't gobble big eat, To timely take time to talk to people around a few funny words, So we can properly adjust the mood, But his mouth should not eat anything with speak to others.how to use and where to put Chinese tablewaresIt is usually use chopsticks and small dish, bowl and glass in Chinese table when they meet together. It is very important to put the chopsticks and the small dish ,bowl and glass in right way. At usually time ,we always put the plate on the right hand, and the wineglass on the right hand. Chopsticks and spoon are always put on the left hand . And this can be divide into the flowing parts .ChopsticksIt is really necessary for Chinese people to use chopsticks in the table to eat meal.SpoonSpoon is used to scooping food. And it also be used to divide big size food. But ,you’d better not use spoon to scoop too much food at one time .It is implate to scoop a full spoon food each time. Because it may go out to make your clothes dirty.It is correct for you to wait a few seconds while you scoop food .And you’d better to put the spoon on your left hand if it is not needed, and it is good for you to use your plate to eat food not by spoon.PlateThe plate in smaller size is small dish, which is used to put food, just like bowl. Plates on the table should not move or pile up. The main function of small dish is to store food that picked from the public plates temporarily. When using small dishes, you should not put too much food together at one time. It is very impolite and might affect the tastes of food. The dreg of food or bones should put at the edge of the plate. You can not spit them from mouth directly to the plate or table or to the ground. You should use chopsticks to bring them to the plate. If the small dish is full, you can ask the waiter or waitress to shift one.GlassGlasses are used to store soft drink ,some water, fruit juice.It is not use glass to drink water. You can not spit out drink back to the glass. It is impolite and make guests fell sick.NapkinIn China, if you eat in restaurants, waiters will offer you a wet warm towel to make your hand clean before meal. Then you can eat by yourself. Sometime at big banquets, waiter may give you another towel to wash hands. It is a little different to give the guest the towel, and you can ask for another one can to clean mouth, this is different for clean face .How to use and where to put American table wareIn western culture, people use knife, fork, spoon and so on.Knife and forkThe basic way of using the knife and fork. Right hand knife and fork in the left hand, is a generic method, of course, if you are left-handed, or you are just like the left hand knife, nor can not accommodating. Request right hand knife is not international standard, but the right hand with a knife cut food more convenient. Hold the fork take method for the index finger straight back. The knife method also differ with situation. It is not be cut food after, again with the right hand fork to send food to the mouth. If a party or casual atmosphere in the family store, of course it does not matter. Food on the table after the basic action, that is, his righthand knife cut it, and then left the food with a fork, fork down food left, fixed, along the side of the fork knife cut about the size of a mouthful of food, food into his mouth fork can be directly.2) the correct position and the right AngleThere is no way to get your food cut open, and the first thing to start from the position correction. On both sides of the elbow is too high can make the knife and fork Angle is too large, and in vertical state; If the elbow is too low, will make his knife and fork is fallen state, so there is no way to cut will arrange. Correct position is: shoulder and wrist relax on the body, two arms knife with the Angle of the plate at about 15degrees. Such not only can easily cut the food, but also pose looks more elegant.The movement of the knife there is also a main point, the first to push on the left hand fork, and then gently move a knife, the knife back when not hard, but when go down hard, like this can cut cleanly through the food. Note: the table knife and fork put are fixed, the left-handed when use fork and knife position can be interchangeable, but after the meal, still need to use the tableware according to the normal position, so just to avoid the service personnel.3) how to put a knife and forkDinner for eightA knife and fork in addition to the function of the food to the mouth, there is about another very important knives and forks put way conveys "meal" or some "signals" the dinner. The waiter is to judge the guests dining according to the signal, a so as to decide whether to clean tableware and prepare the next service. Note: on one side of the blade must be facing you, the blade for others is a sign of hostility. There is are two by the end of the meal After the meal, the fork can be positive upward, and a alateral to gether with fork and knife blade of parallel on the plate. The display mode is divided into English and French, either way can be, but the most commonly used is handle into the meal (as far as possible, so that you can avoid falling by touch, the waiter also relatively easy to pick up.The right order to use tablewareAlthough there are so many tablewares at western dinner, the rule for using tablewares is simple. The right order to use tablewares is to pick from outside to inside. There is an exception that when salad is sent together with entrée, the knife and fork that closest to the plate are salad knife and fork. The salad plate is on the left of the dinner knife and fork. If there is no salad plate, salad knife and fork will send together with salad. The other exception is that oyster fork is on the right hand of dinner plate,which is on the outmost side of tablewares. Spoons are on the right hand of forks. Napkins are also important in western dinner.that cause the differences between table waresIt is so different for Chinese people and American people to use chopsticks ,knife and fork on the table manners. Why is it so different Because China has different nature environment and social environment with American. Chopsticks are made by bamboo .But knife and fork is used to be American normal customs. They use them to cut meat and eat by forks. For eating gesture ,American start to use knife in 16th century.right order of dish uporderA Chinese food out of order An appetizer Usually four large platter of cold dishes. Sometimes types can be up to 10. The most representative is the cold sea sting skin, preserved eggs, etc.The main course Immediately after the appetizer, also known as the big, big, than actual appropriate table. As indicated on the menu "eight pieces", said a total of eight main dishes. The way of the main course is usually four, six, eight even, because the Chinese believe that number is an even number. On the luxurious meal, main course and sometimes up to 16 or 32, but it is common in six to twelve. These dishes are using different materials, cooperate with sour,sweet, bitter, spicy, salty, five tastes, with Fried, steamed, boiled, Fried, roasted, Fried, etc all kinds of cuisine is tie-in. It out with a light and heavy greasy food order interaction is tie-in, or dry, soup as mating principle. The last is usually ends with the soup.Dim sum Refers to the dessert after the main course have to offer, such as pies, cakes, steamed stuffed bun, almond, etc. The last is a fruitorder1) the head plate. The first course in a western food is the first dish, also known as an appetizer. The content of the appetizer usually have cold appetizers and hot appetizers, common varieties are caviar, foie gras, smoked salmon, cocktail cup chicken, cream cake box, bake snail, etc. Because is appetizing, appetizer usually have characteristic flavor, taste is given priority to with salty and sour, and less quantity, the quality is higher.2) the soup. And Chinese food, western food is the second course of soup. Western food soup can be roughly divided into clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cold soup 4 class. Varieties have oxtail soup, cream soup, seafood soup, American clam soup, Italian vegetable soup, Russian borscht, baked French onion soup. Variety of cold soup is less, a German type cold soup, cold soup, etc.3) deputy food. The third dish of fish food generally as western-style food, also known as deputy food. Include all kinds of light, sea fish, shellfish and molluscs. Usually fish dishes with eggs, bread, cake box of deputy food dishes are called. Because fish dishes, such as meat fresh, easy to digest, so on the front of the meat dishes, as a main course and meat dishes also difference. Western food pay attention to use the special sauce, fish dishes varieties have tartar sauce, juice of the Netherlands, hotels, archbishop of white cream sauce, juice, American sailor juice and fish sauce, etc.4) the main course. The fourth dish of meat, poultry dishes is western food, also known as the main course. Meat dishes of raw materials from cattle, sheep, pigs, small parts, such as meat, cowboy is one of the most representative beef or steak. Steak can be divided by its parts and also sirloin steak, Phillip steak, "T" type bone thin steak, steak, etc. The cooking method commonly used roasted, Fried, grilled, etc. Meat dishes with juice sauce mainly include Spain, thick teriyaki sauce, mushroom sauce, white nice juice, etc.5) vegetable dishes. Can be arranged after the meat dishes, vegetables dishes with meat dishes on the table at the same time, so can be regarded as a course, or a side dish. Vegetable dishescalled salad in the western food. Salad and main courses and services, called raw vegetables salad, usually made with lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, asparagus, etc. The main salad oil have vinegar sauce juice, juice of France, dry island, cheese salad sauce, etc.In addition to vegetables, salad and one kind is made with fish, meat, eggs, this kind of salad generally do not add flavor juice, can be used as appetizers on dining order. There are some vegetables are cooked, such as broccoli, cooked spinach, potato chips. Cooked vegetables and usually the main course of meat dishes in eat dish in the table is put together, referred to as a side dish.6) desserts. Western dessert after the main course to eat, can exactly is sixth dish. In real sense, it includes all the food after the main course, puddings, pancakes, ice cream, cheese, fruit, etc.7) coffee, tea. The final is in western-style food drinks, coffee or tea. Drink coffee usually to add sugar and whipping cream. Generally speaking, tea is much sweet peach slices and sugar.value that reflected by those orderIn America, people are pay more attention on individualism , they want to be free and control everything by themselves. Of course , they believe that each of them have their own value ,and this can be a great influence in their personal abilities.On the contrary, in China people think that value loyal and piety.They think it is important to respect the older and love the younger. This can be proved on the eating table. This is the reason why China has different order with American.atmosphere at tableIt is implate to speak loudly and make to much noisy both in American and Chinese eating table. But in some places of China, people like to speak loudly ,they like to do this ,because they think this can show their feeling. On the contrary, American people like to be quiet .“But in the West, it emphasizes individual rights and privacy. They will prepare course according to the number of guests, and they will not do more than necessary, in order to avoid wasting a lot of food. They also do not urge others drinking and picking up food to others. Western meal is dull but pays more attention to the nutrition and balanced diet.” (Luo, 2007)The Chinese people think that it is very happy thing to eat .They start to talking with each other when they sit together. And they also like to help other people with food and water in the time of the dinner .They do this to show their respect and their happiness. They are enjoy the happy atmosphere. It can influence people’s thinking if it is very noisy during the dinner table.The way to finish eatingAfter finish eating ,Chinese people always put the chopsticks on the right hand near the bowl. While guest leave ,the host should clean all the chopsticks by himself.American people have two ways to end the eating. Firstly, they put the knife and the fork parallel. And the second way is leave the knives and forks from outside to inside .That is to say you are full, don’t eat any longer. This ways show your imp late .V. ConclusionAll of the above , there can come into a conclusion, Chinese people put specialIn sum, Chinese table culture pays particular attention to the order among people. This kind of culture is based on Chinese ethical rule and gives prominence to interpersonal idea; western table culture pays particular attention more on harmoniously use of tools and fuse “man” and “tools” together. Every culture in the world is equal, with no one being unique . We shall not only using our own culture but also to learn foreign culture. We should treat foreign culture objectively and comprehendly. At the same time, we should hold on our own culture and avoid to follow foreign culture blindly. Through comparing the table manners of China and countries and American country, this keeping pace with the changing world can be more meaningful to all people in the world .BibliographyHofstede, ’s Consequences :International Differences in Work-relatedValues[M].Newbury Park .CA: Sage 1980.Johannesen,?R?L.?Ethics?and?human?Communication?Prospect?Height s?[M],?IL:?Waveand?Press,?1986.Kagitcibasi,?C.(Eds.),?Handbook?of?Cross-culture?Psychology??(2 nd).?Boston:?Allyn&Bacon,?1997.Pamela, ., &Kathryn, ., Food and Culture in America[M], USA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1998.陈谦，餐桌礼仪与口才,中国经济出版社,2008.杜学增，《中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较》外语教学与研究出版社，1997. 关世杰，《跨文化交流学》,北京，北京大学出版社，1995.何维湘，John Jamison, Peter H. Antoniou, Katherine Whitman, Intercultural Communication Skills, 中山大学出版社,2004.罗露莎，浅析中西饮食文化差异《双语学习（学术版）》2007年第5期.钱清，《礼仪与风俗》Etiquette?and?Custom,?外文出版社,2006.杨洁.跨文化交际中的餐桌礼仪差异[J]文教资料，2011，（4）.张文娟.浅析中西方餐桌礼仪存在差异的原因[J]现代商业。