• Does a problem truly exist?
• Is there evidence of significant benefit to addressing the problem?
• Is the problem symptomatic of a deeper problem?
• Is there solutions-bias in the statement of the problem?
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例子１－项目必要性是否说清楚了？ Example #1 – Is the Project Need well demonstrated?
1. 因为牙医需要客户关系管理支持，所以存在针对牙医办公室
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项目需求分析 Project Needs Analysis 需求分析方法
商业目标
1 Business Goals 2
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确定变化的必要性
Identify need for change
项目的必要性
3 Need for a Project?
Needs Analysis Approach
如果耐克的业务做得不好，那么这不 是什么好主意。绩效问题将继续存在 ，而该项目将给耐克带来更多复杂性 和风险，很可能把问题搞得更糟。
一般来说，没有充分论证项目的必要 性是设计阶段主要失误之一。
Generally, failure to adequately substantiate need is one of the main failures of the design phase.
和项目商业目标相关的组织绩效 可以分为以下三类：
• 差 • 还行 • 好
- 修正问题 - 考虑改进提高 - 不要做变动，
考虑新的机会
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举例－耐克应该怎么做？ Example – What should Nike do?
Consider Nike proposing a project to create golf clothing. If Nike’s business is performing well and this is an attractive opportunity, then it can be pursued because it is separate from Nike’s core business. If Nike’s business is not performing well, then a project is a bad idea. The performance problem will still exist, but Nike would have added complexity, and therefore more risk, and therefore likely made the problem worse. 假设耐克考虑做一个关于制造高尔夫 服装的项目 如果耐克的业务做得很好，这是一个 好机会，可以考虑做这个项目，因为 它和耐克的主营业务是分开的。
项目即管理组织发生的重大变化。项目管理流程包括四个阶段： Projects are to manage significant organizational change initiatives. The project management process consists of four phases:
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如果管理者已经确定了问题，那么有进行需求分析 的必要吗？ If you already have Management buy-in, is a needs analysis necessary?
If a potential project has been identified, one must first assess the organization’s performance against the business objective related to the proposed project. Organizational performance with regard to the business objectives concerning the project could be typified in 3 ways: • Poor - fix the problems • Ok - consider opportunities to improve • Good - don’t change, consider new opportunities 如果潜在的项目已经确定，那么 首先要把组织绩效相对于项目商 业目标进行评估。
问题或机会
7 Problem or Opportunity
严重程度／吸引人程度
8 Severity / Attractiveness
6
内部状况
Internal Situation
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步骤1-3－项目必要性初步评估 Steps 1-3 – Assess Preliminary Need for a Project
• Understand the need (to better perform the project design). • Validate the need (a project requires significant organizational change and therefore requires a compelling reason).
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项目需求分析 PROJECT NEEDS ANALYSIS
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回顾－项目设计概述 Review – Project Design Overview
ice wine because of the prevalence of fakes. E.g. while only
150,000 bottles of authentic ice wine are produced each year world-wide, 600,000 bottles are sold in Japan each year.
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项目经理通常是在有方案的条件下进行实施，而不是来解决问题．需求分析能够确 保该项目对组织起到保护的作用（想想吧，有1/3的项目在完成前被取消 ） A project manager is typically given a solution to implement, not a problem to solve. A needs analysis ensures that a project is warranted in order to protect the organization (consider that 1/3 of projects are cancelled before completion). • Is the beneficiaries’ need identified? • 受益人的需要确定了？ • 问题真正存在吗？ • 有重大收益的证据？ • 该问题的存在是否暗示一个更深入问题 的存在？ • 在问题的陈述中是否已经有解决办法的 倾向？
组织绩效
Oragnizational Performance
9 4
差距分析
Gap Analysis
项目目的
Project Aim
环境现状
Environmental Situation
确定变化的原因
Identify reason for change
5
竞争形式
C ompetitive Situation
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进行需求分析
Conducting a Needs Analysis
需求分析是项目设计第一步 A Needs Analysis is the first step in the Project Design process:
项目定义
Project Definition
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步骤4-6－确定改变原因 Steps 4-6 – Identify Cause for Change
Typically, the organizational need for a project results from some macro-level issue (i.e. projects are generally a reaction to events). It is necessary to assess the locus and nature of the factors causing the need for organizational change: • Environment (all things outside the organization) • Competition (actions of individual competitors) • Internally (all issues within the organization) 通常来说，一个项目的必要性来自 于某些宏观问题（项目通常是对某 些事件的反应）。有必要对造成组 织必须变化的因素的特征进行评估 • 环境（组织外所有事件） • 竞争（竞争对手行动） • 内部（组织内所有事情）