一、元音和辅音英语共有48个音素，其中元音20个，辅音28个。
辅音和元音在英语中的作用，就相当于汉语中的声母和韵母。
记录英语音素的符号叫做音标。
元音：元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音.（A）单元音a. 前元音：/ i: /, / i /, / e /, / æ /b. 中元音：/ ә: /, / ә /c. 后元音：/ כ:/, /כ/, / u /, / u: /, /ɑ: /, /Λ /(B) 双元音（8个）：a. 合口双元音：/ ei /, / әu /, / ai /, / au /, / i/b. 集中双元音：/ i ә /, / εә/, / uә /B. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个辅音.辅音的分类：按其发音的方法分，有：a.爆破音/ p /, / b /, / t／, / d /, / k /, / ɡ/b.摩擦音/ f /，/ v /，/θ/，/ ð/，/ s /，/ z /c.破擦音/ t∫/，/ dӡ/，/tr/，/dr/，/ts/，/dz/d.鼻音/ m / , / n /, / ŋ /e.旁流音（舌侧音）/ l /巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后。
双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。
辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。
有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。
单元音/ i: /----Ee /i:/[i:]舌抵下齿，双唇扁平作微笑状，发“一”之长音。
此音是长元音，一定注意把音发足。
Bb/bi:/、Cc/si:/、Dd/di:/ 、Gg/dʒi:/、Tt/ti:/、Vv/vi:/[i:]是字母e、ea、ee、ie、ei在单词中的发音(1) e we me he she be fever meter evening(2) ea eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean(3) ee three tree green sheep meet beef see seek(4) ie piece(5) ei receive ceiling[i] -----big /big/舌抵下齿，双唇扁平分开，牙床近于全舌，发短促之“一”音, 发此音要短促而轻快。
[i]是字母e、i、y在单词中的发音，(1) e begin English pretty cinema decide delicious(2) i sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss(3)y boy city very sorry many twenty happy dictionary[e] --egg /eg/舌近硬鄂，舌尖顶下齿，牙床半开半合，作微笑状。
Ff〔ef〕、Mm〔em〕、Nn〔en〕、Ss〔es〕[e]是字母e、ea、a在单词中的发音(1)e bed red let get leg pen elephant desk better(2)ea head bread pleasure(3)a many any/ æ / ---bag / bæg /[æ] 双唇扁平，舌前微升，舌尖抵住下龈，牙床开，软鄂升起，唇自然开放。
是字母a在闭音节或重读闭音节中的发音。
bad am and at sad hand happy hat map mad black back glad flag man/ ә: /--bird /bə:d /[ә: ]舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之长音。
是字母er、ir、or 或ur在单词中的发音(1) er her term(2) ir girl bird first third thirty shirt skirt birthday(3) or work word world(4) ur nurse turn hurt Thursday[ ә]--today / tə'dei /[ә] 舌上抬，唇成自然状态，口半开半闭，发“厄”之短音。
是字母a、o、u、e、or、er、ur 或ar在单词中的发音(1)a about above along America around banana Canada china(2)o together tomorrow today police(3)u autumn(4)or doctor actor work homework housework vistor mirror forget(5)er father mother brother sister ruler water dinner driver farmer(6)ur surprise Saturday(8)ar dollar[כ:] ---all [כ:l]双唇界于开闭、圆唇之间，牙床半开渐至全开，舌尖卷上再过渡为卷后。
是字母o、al、ar、or、oar、our或oor在单词中的发音(1)o story off(2)al small wall talk tall hall ball call walk(3)ar warm quarter(4)au August autumn daughter(5)or for short sport more horse(6)oar board blackboard cardboard(7)our four your(8)oor door floor[כ] ---box /bכks/双唇稍微向外突出圆形，舌后升起，舌尖不触下齿，发“奥”音是字母a、o在单词中的发音（1）([w])a want wash watch what（2）o hot lot not on sorry[u:]---do[du:]双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发“屋”之长音。
Uu〔ju:〕Ww〔`dʌblju:〕是字母o、u、oo或ou在单词中的发音（1）o do to who two（2）u blue glue June（3）oo food room pool boot school too zoo（4）ou soup group through[u] ---put/put/双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，自然而不用力，发短促之“屋”音。
是字母u、oo或ou在单词中的发音(1)o woman wolf(2)oo book look good foot wood(3)oul could would should(4)u put sugar full push pull[ɑ:]---arm/ɑ:m/ Rr〔α:〕双唇张而不圆，牙床大开，舌后微升，舌尖向后升缩微离下齿，发阿之长音。
(1)a fast class last glass plant(2)ar car farm card far garden party park[ʌ] --- cup [kʌp] Ww〔`dʌblju:〕双唇平放，牙床半开，舌尖抵住下龈，舌后微微升起，发短促之“阿”音是字母o或u在单词中的发音(1)o come none love other son mother(2)oo blood flood(3)ou touch country enough young(4)u bus sun but cut up us run双元音[ei] ---Aa〔ei〕舌类顶下齿，牙床半开半合，双唇扁平，由发“哀”平稳过渡到发“一”之长音。
Hh〔eiʧ〕、Jj〔dʒei〕、Kk〔kei〕是字母a在开音节中的读音。
⑴a name cake game face late gate plane April⑵ai rain train wait⑶ay day may okay play today say way⑷ea great break⑸ei(gh) eight eighteen eighty⑹ey they grey[ai] --eye [ai] Yy〔wai〕将口张开略圆，舌后升起，舌尖向后收缩，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“一”音。
是字母i或y在单词中的读音:(1)i bike fine find die nine light night high(2)y my try fly eye[ɔi]---oil [ɔi l]双唇外突成圆形，发“奥”音逐渐过渡为双唇扁平分开，发“一”之短音。
是字母oy和oi在单词中的读音(1)oy boy toy joy(2)oi soil voice choice point[au] --out [aut]将口张开略圆，渐渐合拢，双唇成圆形，由发“阿”音平稳过渡到发“屋”音。
是字母ou和ow在单词中的发音(1)ou out about house blouse loud⑵ow how now cow town[əu]--old [əuld] Oo〔əu〕口半开半合，舌后微升，过渡成双唇成圆形，发“欧”之长音。
是字母o、oa和ow在单词中的发音(1)o go no nose home open(2)oa goat boat coat(3)ow show know yellow window owner snow[iә]---ear [iə]双唇张开岈床由窄至半开舌抵下齿逐渐过渡至上卷，从“一”音过渡到“厄”音。
是字母ear、ere、ea、eer在单词中的读音(1)ea real idea(2)ear ear hear dear near clear(3)eer deer cheer beer(4)ere here[ɛə]--air[ɛə]双唇张开后略圆，牙床张开相当宽，舌尖卷上渐至卷后。
是字母air、are、ear、ere在单词中的读音⑴air air hair chair fair⑵are care hare parent⑶ear pear wear bear⑷ere there where[uə]--hour双唇成圆形，牙床近于半合，舌尖不触下齿，发“屋”之长音，然后从“屋”音过渡到“厄”音。
是字母our、oor、ure、eer在单词中的读⑴ure sure⑵oor poor⑶our tour元音/i:/ fee feed feet tea sea seek/ɪ/ fit did dick pig pill pity/e/ bed better beg bell best said/æ/ lab lack bag back banner flag/ɑ:/ car card bar bath far father/ ʌ/ bus sum supper run rush rubber /ɔ:/door four form saw sought sorter / ɔ /song sock sorry long loss dog / u:/ two tool soon blue school goose / u/ good book stood fool cook put / ɜ:/ sir serve surface stir turn were /ə/ again above arrive reader editor/eɪ/ pay pain pace say save rain/aɪ/ why wide eye ice lie line/ɔɪ/joy join boy point coin choice/ɪə/beer fear hear here real theatre /eə/ air care dare bear there dairy/ uə/ tour tourist poor sure during/əu / low load hoe home hope know /au / now mouse loud mouth allow辅音/p/park pig path lamp sleep cap/b/ bed lab book bit best job/ t/tea tell meet hat spite waiter/d/ desk date dice and find red/ k/ key kiss keep cake ink week/g/ gate game get egg ago leg/f/fat fast feel first leaf wife/v/very vast verb believe have brave /s/ see seek son snow bus less/z/zoo zero zeal lays size eyes/θ/think thank thing cloth breath/ð/this that then breathe with bathe /ʃ/ sheep share shave push crash/ʒ/measure pleasure treasure occasion/tʃ/chair cheap rich reach catch/dʒ/jeep joke Jane large orange/tr/tree trip try train trade translate /dr/ dress dry drive drop dream draw /ts/treats streets waits gets meets/dz/words birds kinds aids leads/ h/ head heart how high hand/ r/ rose rice read river rain pretty/m/ make much month member same/n/ nice north name need soon/ŋ/ ink think thank angry thing sing/ j/ yard yes yet year your yellow/ w/ word would world wake window/ ǀ/ let life lake bell silk fool音节音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素.音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位.开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e 如:kite cake name bike make take home plane shine2) 辅音+元音如:he hi go no do be tree three hello闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音:sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head2) 元音+辅音如: it is of in on up out antA chicken is in the kitchen. / A horse is in the house.A mouse is in the cat’s mouth.A sheep eats some beef and drinks some green tea1元音:1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e iethree tree green sheep meet beef see seekeat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak cleanpiece receive ceiling2)发音字母i y esit ture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build missmyth many twenty happy dictionarydefect decide delicious3) [æ]发音字母abag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall man 4) [e]字母组合ea e ahead bread pleasureelephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yesmany any5) [ε:]字母组合ir ur ear er orgirl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third birdturn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burgerlearn earn earth heardterm her nerd servework worm work world6) [ε]字母组合er or ou ar o a e uteacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractordelicious gracious pleasurefamiliar collar dollartogether tomorrow today shallop lesson Washington control around account ago elephant manta banana Canada Japan china men listenfamulus Saturday7) [a:] 字母组合ar acar farm card arm gardenfast class last glass plant aunt calm发音字母u o ou ooup supper lunch fun gun hunt cup buscome mother dose brother love abovetrouble rough flourishblood flood9) []字母组合al or au our arsmall wall talk tall hall ball call walkshort more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumnfour mourn court boughtwarm quarrel quarter10) []发音字母o ahot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar notwant wash watch11) [u:]字母组合oo o ufood moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do twotrue truth blue full prude字母组合oo ou u olook good foot book woodshould couldput full bull pull pushwoman wolf13) [ei]发音字母a ay ea ai eyname cake late gate plane Aprilplay say may waygreat breakrain paint plainthey grey14) [ai] 发音字母i ybike fine find die nine light night highmy try fly eye15) [au]字母组合ou owhouse out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town16) [εu]发音字母o ow oahome cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal17) []字母组合oy oiboy toy joyoil soil voice choice18) [iε]字母组合eer earbeer deerear nearhere fierce idea19) []字母组合ear air erepear bearchair air fairthere wherecare20) [uε]字母组合our owerhour tourflower shower2 容易混淆的元音[A] [e]bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said[i：] [ei]real rail greet great mean main read raid[e] [ai]bet bite red write said side head hide[aU] [R：]house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn [aU] [Q]found fond down done gown gone town ton[A][Q]fan fun tan tun san son tank tun3辅音1) pen pear play pig pour pull push2) book big boot bike bread break3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary5) [k] king kite key look cook book kitchen sky (发音字母k)card cat cream correct climb come account accept (发音字母c) fox box oxygen x-ray (发音字母x)school schedule schema (字母组合ch)6) [g] girl good goal goat grade long language7) [m] man make moon morning move come comb8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean9) [N] uncle bank English think thank junksing king morning evening10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag blackworld cold could goal soul11) [r] read red right run room write12) [f] five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wifecough laugh rough physic photo phone13) [v] very evening even every voice vestof14) [s] six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarf (发音字母s) license city cease cedar ceiling celebrate (发音字母c)piece juice science lance space ace (字母组合ce)15) [z] zoo zebra zero zapclose nose hose suppose pause those whose16) [W] think thank three thirty tooth mouth17) [T] that this those these though18) [F] sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush washnation attention stationsocial specialsure19) [V] pleasure20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who21) [w] when what where window wind wood22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow23) [tF] child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach24) [dV] age language cabbage vegetable stage bridgejoy enjoy join July June junk25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk26) [dr] dry dream drop drive drink27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts28) [dz] goods woods moods hoods1．字母q总是与u在一起，读做/kw/, 此处u不作元音.2．字母c在字母e, y, i前读做/s/ (cent, city, cycle), 其他字母前读做/k/(cut, cap, cop).3．字母e, i, y之前的字母g可以读做/j/(page, giant, gym), 其中字母e, i之前的g 也可以不读做/j/(get, girl, give); 其它字母之前的g读做/g/(gate, go, gust).4．元音a, e, o, u在音节结尾(开音节)一般读做字母音(长音a, e, o, u), 有助于学生正确划分并拼读元音字母+辅音字母+元音字母的不熟悉单词(re port…rather than rep ort).5．字母i和y经常读做/i/(big, gym), 但是也可读做I(silent, my, type).6．一个英语单词用字母y而不是i的结尾(my, by).7．有五种情况末尾的字母e不发音.(如me, she, 和he的短单词末尾的字母e 读做e, 较长的单词末尾的e不发音)尾字母e不发音应该被认为是”having a job” (承担一项工作)7.1 bake gene time/type code cute 使他前面的元音字母发字母音..7.2 love give blue true 使我们不要以一个v和一个u结束一个单词.7.3 chance bodice charge allege 使g和c读软音/j/和/s/.7.4 lit tle cas tle bot tle dab ble fid dle 避免一个音节没有一个元音字母.7.5 are nurse raise bye ewe owe cause 这一条被Spalding女士叫做无工作尾字母e; Sanseri女士叫做老工作尾字母e, 并说前四条之外的不发音尾字母e都叫做老工作尾字母e.7.5.1 使一个不是复数形式的单词不要以s结尾(dense而不是dens, purse不是purs, false 不是fals).7.5.2 加长短的主意词(main-idea), 如awe, ewe, rye7.5.3 区分同音异形词的含义. 如or/ore for/fore.7.5.4 中英语和外来语中(那里的尾字母e是要发音的)留下来的, 现在不发音. 如treatise giraffe8.有五种字母组合发/er/的音/, 记住下面的句子.Her nurse first works early. 这个句子是按英语用法中的降序排列的.另外,or在w后业可以发/er/的音. 还要记住有些词尾的ar和or也发/er/的音.如dollar, doctor.9. 1-1-1规则: 单音节单词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化.(如hop---hop ped). 但是词尾是x除外, 因为它由两个音/ks/.10. 2-1-1规则: 双音节词中, 结尾是单元音加单个辅音的, 在添加以元音开始的词尾变化时, 需要将末尾的辅音字母再写一次再加词尾变化(be gin--- be gin + ning). 第二个音节不重读的不能双写末尾辅音字母(en ter, prof it, bud get).11. 去e规则, 以不发音的e结尾的单词在添加以元音开始的词尾变化是需要去掉末尾不发音的e.(come----coming)12. 是ie还是ei? 一般情况下, 应该是ie, 但是1) c之后用ei; 2)发字母a的音时, 用ei(neighbor, weigh, vein). 还有下面的例外情形Neither foreign sovereign seized counterfeit forfeited leisure. Plus: either weird protein heifer:13. 音素sh用在一个基本词的开头或是结尾(she, dish), 还用在一个音节的结尾(fin ish), 但绝对不会在后一个音节的开头, 除非是以ship结尾(wor ship, friend ship).14. 音素si, ti, ci最常用在一个基本词的第二及以后的开头, 发音/sh/. 常常可以通过考察词根和根词来确定发/sh/时用什么样的音素.比如infect to in fec tious / collect to col lec tion / potent to po ten tialmusic to mu si cian / space to spa cious / finance to fi nan cialsoci (companion) to so cial / ancien (old) to an cientcruc (cross) to cru cial / speci (kind) to spe cial15. 音素si在前一个音节以s结尾时(ses sion)发/sh/, 一个基本词经过词尾变化后只有一个s(tense---tension), 其中的音素si发/sh/.discuss to dis cus sion / compress to com pres sion / admis to ad mis sion16. 音素si可以发/zh/, 如vi sion, di vi sion, oc ca sion, ex plo sion.17. 只有一个元音的单音节词,常常双写词尾的l, s, f. 比如will, off, miss. 有时双音节词也用到这条规则, 如re cess18. 词尾为长音a时, 常用ay在词尾而不是a. (bay, day, decay)19. 元音i和o后面有两个辅音时,常发长音. (find, old)20. s从不在x后, 音素x包含一个/s/音, /ks/.21. 去L规则1: all单独出现有两个l, 但在前缀中只有一个l.(al most, al so, al though).22. 去L规则2: till和full单独出现有两个l, 作后缀只有一个l. (un til, plen ti ful).23. 音素dge只用在单元音后面,而且这个元音发短音(badge, edge, bridge, lodge, budge).24. Y变I规则: 进行词尾变化时, 词尾是一个辅音字母+y, 要变y为i. 下列两种情况驻外(1)加-ing, (2)变后会引起音节分裂.city/cit ies beauty/beau ti ful play/player funny/fun ni estmultiply/mul ti ply ing rely/re li able cry/cried deny/denied25. 音素ck只用在单元音后, 而且这个元音发短音(back, neck, lick, rock, duck).26. 字母开头的z永远发/z/, 不会发/s/.27. 音素ed有三个音, 基本词以/t/和/d/音结尾, ed发/ed/(divide---divided,heat---heated); 基本词以浊辅音结尾的, ed发/d/( lived), 以清辅音结尾的发/t/(stopped)28. 单词常常(always)在双辅音间分音节[但要注意不要把辅音字母组合分开(如ma the ma tic)], 重读音节的辅音才发音, 非重读音节的辅音不发音lit tle.。