not only for individuals
最大化效用作为一个原则 不仅适用于个人
but also for communities
and for legislators.
而且还适用于社区及立法者.
"What, after all, is a community"
Bentham asks.
“毕竟,什么是社区” Bentham问道.
costs for people who develop
smoking-related diseases.
从而受到负面影响.
On the other hand,
there were positive effects
另一方面,这也有积极效应
and those were added up
on the other side of the ledger.
从此引出的的原则就是将最大利益给最多数的人的.
What exactly should we maximize
我们究竟该如何最大化
Bentham tells us happiness,
or more precisely, utility -
Bentham告诉我们幸福,或者更准确地说,实用-
maximizing utility as a principle
pay pensions for as long -
养老金储蓄-不必支付退休金了-
and also, savings in
housing costs for the elderly.
还有,老年人住房费用.
And when all of the costs
and benefits were added up,
and what their cost-benefit
关于吸烟在捷克共和国的成本效益分析.
analysis found was the government
gains by having Czec citizens smoke.
他们的分析发现,捷克政府将会因公民吸烟而收益.
Now, how do they gain
这效用是基于成本和效益得出的
Recently, in the Czech Republic,
there was a proposal
最近,在捷克共和国,有一个提案
to increase the excise tax on smoking.
Philip Morris, the tobacco company,
And what it involves
is placing a value,
它的内涵是用一个价值
usually a dollar value,
to stand for utility on the costs
通常是由美元,来代表不同提案的效用
and the benefits
of various proposals.
the arguments for and against
what Dudley and Stephens did in mind,
带着支持和反对Dudley和Stephens所做的吃人行为的讨论,
let's turn back to the philosophy,
the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham.
$147,000,000的公共财政净增益,
and given the savings in housing,
in health care, and pension costs,
并鉴于节省了住房费用,医疗保健费用,养老金费用,
the government enjoys savings
of over $1,200 for each person
让我们回头来看看Bentham的功利主义哲学.
Bentham was born in England in 1748.
At the age of 12, he went to Oxford.
Bentham于1748年出生于英国.12岁那年,他去了牛津大学.
At 15, he went to law school.
他们是我们的主宰,所以任何道德体系
has to take account of them.
都要考虑到这点.
How best to take account
By maximizing.
如何能最好地考虑这一点通过最大化.
And this leads to the principle of the
greatest good for the greatest number.
并且这些积极效益累加到了账簿的另一面
The positive effects included,
for the most part,
积极效益包括,在大多数情况下,
various tax revenues that the
government derives from the sale
政府通过卷烟产品而获得的各种税收收入,
of this policy
如果我们把这项政策所能得到的所有利益
and subtract all of the costs,
the right thing to do
减去所有的成本,正确的做法
is the one that maximizes the balance
of happiness over suffering.
Funding for this program
is provided by:
本节目的赞助来自... ...
Additional funding provided by:
另外的赞助来自... ...
Last time,
we argued about
上次,我们谈到
the case of
The Queen v. Dudley & Stephens,
It's the sum of the individuals
who comprise it.
它是构成这个社区的所有个体的总和.
And that's why in deciding
the best policy,
这就是为什么在决定最好的政策,
in deciding what the law should be,
who dies prematurely due to smoking.
每个因吸烟而过早死亡的人都为政府节省了$1,200.
Cost-benefit analysis.
成本效益分析.
Now, those among you
who are defenders of utilitarianism
现在,你们中间,那些功利主义的捍卫者
就是将幸福与痛苦之间的平衡最大化地倾向幸福.
That's what it means
to maximize utility.
这就是效用最大化.
Now, today, I want to see
whether you agree or disagree with it,
现在,我想看看你们是否同意它,
and it often goes,
对吸烟增加货物税.Philip Morris烟草公司,
does huge business
in the Czech Republic.
该公司在捷克共和国有着大笔生意.
They commissioned a study,
a cost-benefit analysis
他们委托了一个研究,
of smoking in the Czech Republic,
of cigarette products,
but it also included
但也包括
health care savings to the
government when people die early,
政府因为吸烟人群过早死亡而省下的医疗储蓄,例如
pension savings -- you don't have to
this utilitarian logic,
往往有云：功利主义的逻辑,
under the name of
cost-benefit analysis,
名为成本效益分析,
which is used by companies
and by governments all the time.
也是被公司以及各国政府所常常使用的 .
现在,他们如何收益
It's true that there are
negative effects to the public finance
确实,捷克政府的公共财政体系
of the Czech government
because there are increased health care
会因为吸烟人群所引发的相关疾病而增加的医疗保健开支,
就是将公共福利,或集体的幸福最大化,
or the overall balance
of pleasure over pain;
或在快乐与痛苦的平衡中倾向快乐;
in a phrase, maximize utility.
简而言之就是,功利最大化.
Bentham arrives at this principle
他们也因为这个无情的计算而发表了道歉.
You may say that what's missing here
is something that the utilitarian