英语常用修辞明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。
或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.例如:1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud.3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.4>.This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
5>.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me likea spirit.他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。
6>.It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。
7>.Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars.隐喻,暗喻隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。
这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.例如:1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.子子2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.3>.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets...德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。
4>.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
5>.All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players.6>.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned.7>.Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.借喻,转喻3.借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。
指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
就是借用甲来表示乙，但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.1>.以容器代替内容,例如:The kettle boils. 水开了.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.2>.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如:Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.3>.以作者代替作品,例如:a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集4>.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如:I had the muscle, and they made money out of it.丑丑我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱.5>.Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them... 几年以后，他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”（消息、信息）6>.Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”. 艾尔用眼睛说，“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能，这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
7>.A doctor mmust have the heart of a lion and the hand of a lady.8>.She was to be sure a girl, who excited the emoions, but I was not the one to let my heart rule my head.提喻提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般一般代替特殊.又称举隅法，举隅指举一反三之意，具有“牵一发而动全身”之功能。
主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。
它往往因微见著，在提到某人或某物时，不直呼其名，与其密不可分的东西来代替。
It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part.例如:1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.他的厂里约有100名工人.2>.He is the Newton of this century.他是本世纪的牛顿.3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配.4>.The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh andblood of millions of men. 长城不仅是用石头和土建造的，而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。
句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”巨大的牺牲5>.“...saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world” 他说这是世界上最美的语言。
这里用具体的“tongue”代替抽象的“language”。
6>.Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the . team. 很多人将眼光投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘.“many eyes”代替了“many persons”。
[转喻、提喻、换称三种修辞手法的对比一．转喻（Metonymy）的定义与用法：寅寅1.定义：用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代。
这两种事物之间有着密切相关的联系。
(A metonymy is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.)2.用法：转喻通常用下列几种方式指代：①根据人名或商品品牌名：Uncle Sam山姆大叔 Americans or the American government美国人/美国政府John Bull约翰牛the English nation or a typical Englishman（英国/地道英国人）He is reading Shakespeare.他在读莎士比亚作品。
S's works用作者指代作品He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses. 他为了与邻里攀比而负债。
neighbours（用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”）We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去。
a car whose make is Ford（用品牌名指代实物）②根据实物名称：Finally she married money. 她最终嫁给了有钱人a rich man用钱指代“有钱人I live near an airport and passing planes can be heard night and day. 我住在飞机场附近，日夜可以听到过往的飞机声。
the noise made by passing planes 用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音”③根据动植物名称：the big apple（大苹果）→ New York city（纽约市）Russian bear俄国熊→ Russians or the Russian government俄国人/俄国政府British lion（英国狮）→ England or the English government（英国/英国政府）The flower of the nation was sent off to war. 该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。