一、Antonymy（反义词）：（书本P70）1.Gradable antonyms（分程度反义词）：a matter of degree.eg. Old—middle-aged—younghot-warm-coldplementary antonyms（互补关系）：a matter of degree between two extremes.eg. Alive—dead; male—female3.relational opposites（关系反义词）：pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items.eg. father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient；buy-sell；above-below二、Paul Grice（保罗·格莱斯）提出的两个概念（书本P86）1.conventional implicature（规约含意，约定俗成的）：is based on the conventionalmeaning of certain words in the language.eg. He is rich but he is not greedy.2.particularized conversational implicature（特殊规约隐涵）：is inferred by the hearer withreference to the context of communication.eg. A：Where is the steak? B：The dog looks very happy.三、Charles Hockett（霍凯特）提出的人类语言的识别特征之一（书本P8）Arbitrariness（随意性）：There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.eg. Rumble, crash, cackle, bang四、Free morpheme（可独立存在的）：a morpheme which can be a word by itself.eg. boy（书本P33）五、新构词（书本P99）1.blending（拼缀，紧缩法）：a blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.eg. Smog --- smoke+fog; motel---- motor+hotel2.acronyms（首字母缩写，词首字母缩略法）：are words derived from the initials ofseveral wordseg.IT-----information technology; CPI---- consumer price index六、Languageaptitude（语言能力倾向，语言学能）：the natural ability for learning a second language.（书本P164）七、Semantic Changes（语意变化）：（书本P102）1.semantic broadening（扩展，意思越来越广，语义扩大化）2.semantic narrowing（意思变小）3.semantic shift（转换）八、indirect speech act（间接言语行动）：which aimed to explain indirect language in the light of the speech act theory.（书本P84-85）1.The primary speech act is the speaker’s goal of communication while the secondaryspeech act is the means by which he achieves goal.2.eg. A：Let’s go to the movies tonight.B：I have to study for an exam. (回答问题或者名词解释)九、Sapir–Whorf Hypotheis（假说）：1. A theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorfwhich states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by thestructure of their native language.（书本P128）2.Now there are mainly two different interpretations about the hypothesis: astrongversion and a weak one. While the strong version believes that languagepatterns determine people's thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that formerinfluences the latter.(全背)3.eg. English-speaking culture tends to teach its people to name what is practical,usefuland important.4. A good illustration of this point is the word snow in Eskimo and English.十、Strategies for learning a second language？（书本P165）1.Find their own way,taking charge of their learning.anize information about language.3.Are creative,developing a ―feel‖ for the language by experimenting with its grammarand words.4.Make their own opportunities for practice in using the language inside and outside theclassroom.5.Learn to live with uncertainly by not getting fluttered and by continuing to talk orlisten without understanding every word.e mnemonics and other memory strategies to recall what had been learned.7.Make errors work for them and not against for them.e linguistic knowledge, including knowledge of their first language, in learning asecond language.e contextual cues to help them in comprehension.10.Learn to make intelligent guesses.11.Learn chunks of language as wholes and formalized routines to help them perform―beyond their competence‖.12.Learn certain tricks that help to keep conversations going.13.Learn certain production strategies to fill in gaps in their own competence.14.Learn different style of speech and writing and learn to vary their language accordingto the formality of the situation.十一、How to determine a word’s category？（书本P44）三个标准及分别的例子：1.Meaning2.inflection3.distribution十二、Q：when “conversation implicature occur？（书本P87）A：Only when a maxim is flouted(公然违抗).Flouting a maxin means violating blatantly.十三、 A phoneme is a phonological unit. It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.（书本P23）十四、The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.（书本P4）十五、Krashen’s input Hypothesis（书本P163）(课本黑体字)Comprehensive input（全面的输入）：i+1：i represents learners’ current state of knowledge, the next stage is the i+1十六、what is morphological rules？（形态学规则）（书本P36）They are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.十七、what is interlanguage？（语际语，人工辅助语言，中介语）（书本P160）Proposed by S.Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as learner's independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from one extreme of his native language to the other of the second language.十八、What is acculturation？（语言文化移入，文化适应）（书本P135）A process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.(可能考单词acculturation)intercultural communication(单词跨文化交际)十九、what is inflectional morphemes？（曲折语素；屈折词素；屈折性语素）（书本P36）Which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.？？？e g. ―John has noticed the change in his friend.‖ Here the –ed endings are morphemes whichdo not add any lexical meaning but represent the concept of tense and aspect.二十、what is roots？（词根）（书本P34）The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.Roots typically belong to a lexical category.二十一、what is phrases？（短语）（书本P44）Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category.二十二、what is Wh Movement？（特殊疑问句）（书本P56）二十三、Sense relations between sentences（书本P71-72）(选择题一题)1.X is synonymous with Y 同义2.X is inconsistent with Y 不一致3.X entails Y （Y is an entailment of Y）包括4.X presupposes Y (Y is a prerequisite of X) 先提条件5.X is a contradiction 矛盾6.X is semantically anomalous 反常的二十四、Pragmatics (语用学)，和语义学的最大区别？Context（书本P77-78）1.区别：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study ofmeaning the context of use is considered.2.总结最大区别：context二十五、Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.（书本P7）二十六、Critical Period Hypothesis（CPH）关键期假说的主要思想（书本P147）(选择)The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about two to puberty. (While the strong one suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposurethe weak holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty.)二十七、what is a behaviorist view of language acquisition？（语言习得的行为主义主要观点是什么？）（书本P141）Traditional behaviorists view language as a kind of behavior and believe that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.[An innatist view of language acquisition: Chomsky proposed that human beings are born with an innate ability known as Language Acquisition Device, or LAD.UniversalGrammar (UG)An interactionist view of language acquisition]二十八、what is bilingualism？（双语能力）（书本P122）Ability to speak two languages equally well.二十九、What is Spoonerism？（斯本内现象,首音互换）（书本P186）Transposition of initial consonants in a pair of words.eg. Wrong road---long road三十、What is Garden path sentences？（径句）（书本P186）A garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the syntactic parser and takesit down the garden path to the wrong analysis. eg. The horse raced past the barn fell.。