第7章光子学基础第十七章光子学基础传统光学主要是研究宏观光学特性，如光的折射、反射、成像及光传播时的干涉、衍射和偏振等波动性质，而未去探究其微观的物理原因。
然而随着光学的发展，人们逐渐地注意研究光与物质(包括光子与光子)相互作用的微观特性，以及与这种微观特性相联系的光的产生、传播和探测等过程。
同时，也逐渐注意研究光子承载信息的能力，以及它在承载信息时的处理和变换等基础问题。
现在人们用光子光学(Photon Optics)或光子学(Photonics)来概括这一领域的研究。
光子学在现代科学技术中的作用越来越显重要。
本章结合光电效应，引入光子学中的基本概念和关系式，讨论电磁场的量子化和光子的性质，并介绍两个应用。
第一节光的量子性一、光电效应与爱因斯坦光子学说(一)光电效应的规律1887年赫兹在题为“关于紫外光对放电的影响”的论文中首先描述了物体在光的作用下释放出电子的现象，这就是通常所说的光电效应。
一般采用图16-1a的装置观察金属的光电效应。
电极K和A封闭在高真空容器内，光经石英小窗照射到金属阴极K上。
当电极K受光照射时，光电子被释放出并受电场加速后形成光电流。
实验发现光电流的大小与照射光的强度成正比，照射光中紫外线越强，光电效应越强。
用一定强度和给定频率的光照射时，光电流i和两极间电位差u的实验曲线如图16-1b所示，称为光电流的伏安特性曲线。
当u足够大时，光电uu流达到饱和值I;当u?时光电流停止(称为临界截止电压)。
总结所有的m00 实验结果，得到如下规律:(1) 对某一光电阴极材料而言，在入射光频率不变条件下，饱和电流的大小与入射光的强度成正比。
(2) 光电子的能量与入射光的强度无关，而只与入射光的频率有关，频率越高，光电子的能量就越大。
,(3) 入射光有一截止频率(称为光电效应的红限)。
在这个极限频率以0下，不论入射光多强，照射时间多长，都没有光电子发射。
不同的integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built the country's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. From city-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of theold city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, integrated energy, chemicals and textile Yibin city, are the three core pillars of the industry. In 2014, the wuliangye brand value to 73.58 billion yuan, the city's liquor industry slip to stabilise. Promoting deep development of integrated energy, advanced equipment manufacturing industry, changning district, shale gas production capacity reached 277 million cubic metres, built thecountry's first independent high-yield wells and pipelines in the first section, the lead in factory production and supply to the population. 2.1-3 GDP growth figure 2.1-4 Yibin, Yibin city, Yibin city, fiscal revenue growth 2.1.4 topography terrain overall is Southwest, North-Eastern State. Low mountains and hills in the city landscape as the main ridge-and-Valley, pingba small fragmented nature picture for "water and the second land of the seven hills". 236 meters to 2000 meters above sea level in the city, low mountain, 46.6% hills 45.3%, pingba only 8.1%. 2.1.5 development of Yibin landscapes and distinctive feature in the center of the city, with limitations, and spatial structure of typical zonal group, 2012-cities in building with an area of about 76.2km2. Fromcity-building situation, "old town-the South Bank" Center construction is lagging behind, disintegration of the old city is slow, optimization and upgrading, quality public service resources are still heavily concentrated in the old town together. Southbank Centre has not been formed, functions of the service area space is missing. Meanwhile, peripheral group centres service was weak and inadequate accounting for city development, "suspicious" pattern could not be formed. As regards transport, with the outward expansion of cities, cities have been expanding, centripetal city traffic organization has not changed, 金属具有不同的红限。