国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英t o英）What’s International Trade?The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services producedin another country.EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle.FASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.FOBFree on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export.CFRCost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipmentCIFCIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium.FCA, Free carrier (…Named place)It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by thebuyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the con tract with the carrier, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.CPT, Carriage paid to (…named place of destination) 运费付至（…指定目的地）It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of destination) 运费保险费付至（…指定目的地）It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.DES, Delivered Ex Ship(…named port of destination) 船上交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there.DEQ, Delivered ex Quay(…names port of destination) 码头交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there.DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of destination) 未完税交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.DDP，Delivered Duty Paid(…named place of destination)完税后交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation.The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes andother charges for delivering the goods, clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.DAF, Delivered At Frontier (…named place) 边境交货（…指定地点）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point of place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract.Quality of goodsThe quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods, such as shape, structure, color, flavors well as chemical composition, physical and mechanical property, biological feature, etc.In international trade, quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.Sale by samples.The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the seller’s sample and sale, sale by the buyer’s sample a nd sale by counter sampleSale by actual quality:（以实际品质交货）In this case, the buyer or his agent examines the goods at seller’s place at first. After they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.Sale by description:（以说明表示）In international business, most commodities are suitable to sale by description which can be subdivided into 7 kindsSale by specification:（凭规格买卖）The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.Sale by grade: （凭等级买卖）The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.Sale by standard: （凭标准买卖）The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.F.A.Q.: （良好平均品质）In the international agricultural and by-product market, there is a commonly adopted standard, i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to the average level of the export commodity within a certain period of time.Sale by brand name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(奔驰汽车)Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.Sale by description: 凭说明书和图样买卖The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.Quality Tolerance品质公差The quality tolerance is used in the trade of industrial products, which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences within a certain range since such differences are usually unavoidable and commonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade.Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial productsQuality latitude 品质机动幅度The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goods delivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.The packing of goodsIn international trade packing is one of the essential component parts of commodity production. Generally speaking, only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field, and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌It means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodityand the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers and origins packing and without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturersBrand designated by the buyer:It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the package of the commodity or the commodity itself as buyer’s request.定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或品牌，这种做法叫定牌生产。