英语语言学基础知识一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征几对基本概念(2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writingWhat is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native languageLanguage and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined asthe scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, butlanguages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。
语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。
Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes thelanguage people actually use. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communicationCharacteristics of language: 语言的特性 Prescriptive: it aims lay dow n rules for “correct” behavior.Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken data. Language is a rule-governed system Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on “high” written language. Language is basically vocalSynchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 Language is arbitrary (the fact different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration the description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study of the arbitrary nature of language. This conventional nature of language is well illustrated by a famous the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”: “A rose by any other name wou ld smell as sweet.”)in modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Language is used for human communication Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Design features of language 语言的甄别特征 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: American linguist Charles Hackett specified 12 design features:(1) speech precedes writing in terms of evolution1) arbitrariness 武断性 4) displacement移位性 2) productivity 创造性5) cultural transmission 文化传递性3) duality 二重性二、音系学语言的声音媒介音系学和语音学什么是语音学语音、音位、音位变体发音器官音位对立、互补分部、最小对立音标……宽式和严式标音法几条音系规则英语语音的分类超切分特征构成了语言的声音媒介。
Phonetics语音学: Is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds Two major media of communication: Speech and writingThe limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic that occur in the world’s language. studies are the phonic medium of language. 用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，这些数目有限的一组语音Three branches of phonetics : articulatory phonetics 发音语音学（most highly developed）, auditory phonetics1听觉语音学and acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 01) Velum: The soft palate. 软腭 Organs of speech 发音器官 02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center of the soft palate. 小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:The pharyngeal cavity咽腔----the throat 03) larynx: n. 喉 The oral cavity口腔----the mouth 04) vocal cord: 声带 The nasal cavity 鼻腔---the nose 05) membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separating or connecting regions, structures, Vibration of the vocal cords (声带) results in a quality of speech sounds called “voicing” 浊音，which is a or organs of an animal or a plant. 膜薄而柔软的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结构或动植物feature of all vowels 元音 and some consonants 辅音。
器官单词补充：06) the soft palate: 软腭 10) the teeth: 牙齿 07) the hard palate:硬腭 11) the lips: 上下唇 08) the teeth ridge: 齿龈 12) blade of tongue: 舌面13) back of tongue: 舌根 09) alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone牙槽颚骨处的牙床 14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔16) velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in cup.15) nasal cavity: 鼻腔软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在 good中的(g)以及在 cup中的(k)17) the tip of the tongue: 舌尖 19) the roof of the mouth: 上颚 18) the upper front teeth: 上齿 20) the lower lip: 下唇音标……宽式和严式标音法 :the openness of the mouth,口的张开程度:the shape of the lips园唇与否 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) The vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs) 元音（单元音&双元音） :length of the vowels元音的长度 The constants 辅音Broad transcription: Transcription with letter-symbols only. (in dictionaries and teaching textbooks)用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。