2001 —2002 学年第一学期期末考试试卷（A 卷）科目：博士生英语学院：专业：Directions: Listen to the passage and then fill in the blanks numbered from (1) to (7) with the exact words you have heard. For blanks numbered from (8) to (10) fill in the missing information. You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words.Psychologists have been interested in the processes of learning and forgetting since the early days of the discipline. The researcher who (1)________ this field, Hermann Ebbinghaus, invented the nonsense syllable in order to be able to (2) ________ “pure”learning, that is, learning free of meaning, and the (3) ________atwhich we forget.He served as his own (4) ________ and learned an (5) ________number of lists of nonsense syllables. He used material with little or no meaning because he was aware that learning new information is (6) ________ by what we already know. He decided to create learning situations that were free of (7) ________ knowledge.The way that we forget is highly predictable, following what psychologists call the forgetting curve. When we acquire knowledge, much of our forgetting occurs right away. (8) ________ over half of the nonsense material he learned was forgotten within an hour. Although he forgot within a day almost two thirds of the material he learned, retention of the material did not decline much beyond that period. (9) ________Ebbinghaus’s forg etting curve is actually much more dramatic than a forgetting curve would be for meaningful material. When the learner is able to connect newinformation with old information, he still might forget what was learned, but (10) ________.II. Vocabulary: (25%):A. Directions: Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the box. Change forms where necessary. There are more words than necessary.2. The powers of a judge are ______ by law.3. The need for survival takes ______ over entertainments.4. Even the police can not always ______ truth from lies.5. His research in biology has very ______ applications.6. Farmers ______ the soil with organic and inorganic manures.7. The ads ______ me to buy a computer I don’t really need.8. Some people ______ possessions more than friends.9. I was ______ by his last words to me.10. The ghost story ______ in this neighborhood.11. Up to now, the South Pole is still not ______.12. You must ______ your claim with facts.13. We must take ______ and resolute action.14. I was ______ by his fulsome flattery.15. He has the degree and experience, so he is quite ______ for this position.B. Directions: Choose a phrasal verb in the box and complete the sentences in their proper forms.1. The dishonest builder ______ a poorly-built house by pretending it was wellconstructed.2. I don’t think I would ever ______ the so-called modern art.3. He doesn’t only ______ money; he spends his whole life in looking after thepoor.4. For years John kept ______new and good ideas.5. The typist ______ the letter in short-hand.6. As soon as she arrived she ______ tidying up the room.7. The police are ______ the records of all those involved in the crime.8. Considering his poor health, I thought it would be wise for him to ______ thesouth in winter.9. We haven’t got enough bread to go around, so somebody will have to ______.10. Careless handling of international relations can ______ a war.III. Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneHumans are forever forgetting that they can't control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a magazine cover story announced that "scientists are on the verge of being able to predict the time, place and even the size of earthquakes". The people of quake-ruined Kobe learned last week how wrong that assertion was.None of the methods praised two decades ago have succeeded. Even now, scientists have yet to discover a uniform warning signal that precedes all quakes, let alone any sign that would tell whether the coming quake is mild or killer. Earthquake formation can be triggered by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist (地震学家) at the California Institute of Technology. So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impossible. One reason: Quakes start deep in the earth, so scientist can't study them directly.If a quake precursor (预兆) were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes. Places like Japan and California are filledwith hundreds, if not thousands, of minor faults. It is impossible to place monitoring instruments on all of them. And these inconspicuous sites can be just as deadly as their better-known cousins like the San Andreas. Both the Kobe and the 1994 Northridge quakes occurred on small faults.Prediction would be less important if scientists could easily build structures to withstand every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in "quake-resistant" structure, says Terry Tullis, a geophysical at Brown University. In Kobe, for example, a highway that opened only last year was damaged.In the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally did not collapse. But engineers have since found hidden problems in 120 steel-frame buildings that survived. Such structures are supposed to sway with the earth rather than crumple (崩溃). They may have swayed, but the quake also unexpectedly weakened the joints in their steel skeletons. If the shaking had been longer or stronger, the buildings might have collapsed.A recent report in Science adds yet more anxiety about life on the fault lines. Researchers can computer simulations to see how quake-resistant buildings would fare in a moderate-size tremor, taking into account that much of a quake's energy travels in a large "pulse of focused shaking". The results: Both steel-frame buildings and buildings that sit on insulating rubber pads suffered severe damage.More research will help experts design stronger structures and possibly find quake pressures. But it is still a certainty that the next earthquake will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored and every highway cannot be completely quake-proofed.1. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Scientists have not discovered one single warning sign for all quakes.B. Scientists have not yet discovered any sign that would tell the size of quakes.C. Scientists claimed that they had found some methods of predicting earthquakes,but they didn't work.D. The methods scientists boasted of 20 years ago of predicting quakes didn'tproduce desired results.2. According to the passage, quakes ______.A. can in no way be studied fullyB. can be warned of beforehandC. can trigger minor faultsD. on small faults cannot possibly be as deadly as those best known quakes3. It is implied in the passage that ______.A. well-erected structures do not collapseB. the existent quake-resistant buildings need to be redesignedC. steel-frame buildings survive any earthquakesD. seismic (地震的) engineering has improved well enough for structures to resistquakes4. The best tide for this passage could be ______.A. "Nature Is Beyond Human's Control"B. "No Method or Stronger Structures Are Founds to Predict and WithstandQuakes"C. "Can't We Predict Earthquakes?"D. "Earthquake, Hard to Predict!"5. It is impossible to warn of all dangerous quakes in advance because ______.A. small faults can trigger just as fatal quakesB. nothing is found that precedes and shows quakes' comingC. no structures will withstand quakesD. all of the abovePassage TwoConcern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering the great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the "typical" Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than his counterpart of only a generation ago. He gains in creature comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal uniqueness, or individuality.Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the United States is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that "assembly-line life" will lead to the disappearance of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (but less productive) old French style. What Mil happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, andthe cultivation of the good things in life -- to joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local card?Since the late 1950s life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France is threatened by the triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence.In spite of the critics, however, countess Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modern, industrial France is preferable to the old.6. Which of the following is a feature of the old French way of life?A. Leisure, elegance, and efficiency.B. Leisure, elegance, and taste.C. Grace, efficiency and taste.D. Romance, efficiency and elegance.7. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about Frenchmen?A .They actually enjoy working at the assembly line.B. They are more concerned with money than before.C. Many of them prefer the modern lifestyle.D. They are more competitive than the old generation.8. The passage suggests that ______.A. it's now unlikely to see a Frenchman enjoying a stroll by the riverB. great changes have occurred in the lifestyle of all FrenchmenC. in pursuing material gains the French are suffering losses elsewhereD. the French are fed up with the smell of freshly picked apples9. Which of the following is TRUE about the critics?A. Student critics have, on occasion, resorted to violent means against the trend.B. Critics are greater in the number than people enjoying the new way of life.C. Critics are concerned solely with the present mad not the future.D. Student critics are greater in number than critics in other fields.10. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Criticism of the new lifestyle.B. Changes in the French way of life.C. The Americanization of France.D. Features of the new way of life. Part IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.Before the 20th century the horse provided day to day transportation in the United States. Trains were used only for long-distance transportation.Today the car is the most popular 1 of transportation in all of the United States. It has completely 2 the horse as a means of everyday transportation. Americans use their car for 3 90 percent of all personal 4 .Most Americans are able to __ 5 cars. The average price of a 6 made car was，500 in 1950，740 in 1960 and up 7 750 in 1975. During this period American car manufacturers set about 8 their products and work efficiency. Meanwhile，the yearly income of the 9 family increased from 1950 to 197510 than the price of cars. For this reason，11 a new car takes a smaller 12 of a family’s total earnings today.In 1951 13 it took 8.1 months of an average family’s 14 to buy a new car. In 1962, a new car 15 8.3 of a family’s annual earnings. By 1975 it only took 4.75 16 income. In addition，the 1975 cars were technically 17 to models from previous years.The 18 of the automobile extends throughout the economy 19 the car is so important to Americans. Americans spend more money 20 their cars running than on any other item.1. A. kinds B. means C. mean D. types2. A. denied B. reproduced C. replaced D. ridiculed3. A. hardly B. nearly C. certainly D. somehow4. A. trip B. works C. business D. travel5. A. buy B. sell C. race D. see6. A. quickly B. regularly C. rapidly D. recently7. A. on B. to C. in D. about8. A. raising B. making C. reducing D. improving9. A. unusual B. interested C. average D. big10. A. slowest B. equal C. faster D. less11. A. bringing B. obtaining C. having D. purchasing12. A. part B. half C. number D. side13. A. clearly B. proportionally C. obviously D. suddenly14. A. income B. work C. plants D. debts15. A. used B. spent C. cost D. needed16. A. months B. dollar C. family D. year17. A. famous B. quick C. superior D. inferior18. A. running B. notice C. influence D. discussion19. A. then B. so C. as D. which20. A. starting B. leaving C. keeping D. repairingV. Translation (20%)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese1. What both students and teachers are experiencing is the recognition that the more complex structures one encounters in a language are not as vital as making oneself understood and so have a less immediate field of application.2. The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry out for help in combating the notion that it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls.3. Once an idea or a belief about ourselves goes into this picture it becomes “true”, as far as we personally are concerned.4. We put our children at risk for short-term stress disorders and long-term personality problems when we ignore their individuality and impose our own priorities “for their own good.”VI. Writing (10%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay arguing that environmental pollution is a criminal behavior. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese.Is Environmental Pollution a Crime?1．破坏生态环境是一种犯罪行为2．破坏生态给人类造成经济损失及生存危机3．保护环境人人有责Answer SheetI. Listening Comprehension:1. __________2. __________3. __________4. __________5. __________6. __________7. __________8. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 9. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 10. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ II. VocabularyA: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. _________ 7. ________ 8. _________ 9. ________ 10. ________ 11. ________ 12. _______ 13. ________ 14. _______ 15. ________ B: 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. _________ 7. ________ 8. _________ 9. ________ 10. ________ III. Reading Comprehension:1. __________2. __________3. __________4. __________5. __________6. _________7. ________8. _________9. ________ 10. ________ Part IV Cloze1. __________2. __________3. __________4. __________5. __________6. _________7. ________8. _________9. ________ 10. ________ 11. ________ 12. _______ 13. ________ 14. _______ 15. ________ 16. ________ 17. _______ 18. ________ 19. _______ 20. ________ V. Translation1. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________2. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________3. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________4. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________VI. Composition:_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________KeysI. Listening Comprehension: （15%）(前7题每题1分；第8题2分；第9、10题每题3分)(1) pioneered (2) assess (3) rate (4) subject (5) incredible (6) influenced (7) prior(8) Ibbinghaus discovered that a significant amount of information was forgottenwithin twenty minutes of learning.(9) In other words, if information is retained for a day, the knowledge was there tostay.(10) the amount and speed of forgetting is likely to be less than what Ibbinghausexperienced.II. Vocabulary (25): (每题1分)A. 1. credit 2. defined 3. priority 4. discern 5. practical 6. enrich 7. induced8. cherish 9. haunted 10. prevails 11. inhabited 12. verify 13. immediate14. disgusted 15. eligibleB. 1. passed off 2. take to 3. give away 4. coming up with 5. took down6. set about7. looking into8. make for9. go without 10. set offIII. Reading Comprehension: （20%）（每题2分）1．C 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．A 10．BPart IV Cloze （10%）（每题0.5分）1. B2.C3. B4.A5.A6.B7.B8.B9.C 10.C 11.D 12.A 13.B 14. A 15.C16.A 17. C 18.C 19.B 20.CV. Translation （20%）(每句5分)1. 不管是学生还是老师，他们现在都经历着这样一个认知过程，即我们在某种语言中所碰到的比较复杂的结构对于表达自己的意思来说并不是那么不可或缺，因此它们的应用范围也就不那么直接。