Different parts of a sentence(英语句子成分结构)制卷人：陆英2011-8-29 A sentence can be divided into different parts. Here is a brief overview of the different句子是按一定语法规则组成，能表达一个比较完整的意思，并有一定语调的相对完整而独立的语言单位。
（1）句子的归类句子按使用目的分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
从结构上又可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
（2）句子的成分构成句子的基本单位称为句子成分。
根据它们在句子中的不同作用分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等七种。
①主语（subject）是句子所论述的主题，也可以说是谓语的陈述对象。
主语通常由名词（或名词短语）、代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式、“无人称”it以及名词性从句充当。
Betty likes her new bike.To learn a foreign language is not easy.②谓语（predicate）由动词构成，说明主语的行为动作或所处的状态。
谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。
a.简单谓语由动词或动词词组构成。
They arrived yesterday.He turned off the light just now.b.复合谓语,由“情态动词或助动词+动词”或由“连系动词+表语”构成。
We must study English hard.They have lived here for twenty years.③宾语（object）是及物动词或及物动词短语的接受者，也可用于介词之后构成介词短语。
宾语有直接宾语（direct object）和间接宾语（indirect object）之分。
Tom bought a story-book.I saw him yesterday.He gave me some ink.Our teacher told us an interesting story.④表语（predicative）说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。
表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句充当。
Her sister is a nurse.It's me.We were at home last night.His cup is broken.This is why she often cries.⑤补语（complement）表示主语或宾语的身份、特征或与主语或宾语相同的概念。
补语有主语补足语和宾语补足语之分。
a.宾语补足语We elected him monitor.The teacher thought the girl rather clever.b.主语补足语将上面两个主动句变为被动句后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor (by us).The girl was thought rather clever (by the teacher)⑥定语（attribute）是描述名词、代词的修饰语，常和名词一起构成名词短语。
定语有前置定语（多为单词形式）和后置定语（多为副词、短语或从句）之分。
This is a green jeep.Are these students your classmates?I have something to tell you.⑦状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子的成分；有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、比较状语、程度状语、目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语和频率状语等。
You are quite right.She will arrive in Beijing on Monday.He stopped to have a look.We'll set out if it is fine tomorrow.(3)简单句的五种基本句型①主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P）The bike is new.The map is on the wall.②主语+不及物动词（S+V）He swims.③主语+及物动词+ 宾语（S+V+O）Children often sing this song.④主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO）She showed her friends all her pictures.⑤主语+及物动词+ 宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+O+C）We keep our classroom clean and tidy.英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe.（不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词① The teacher with two of his students is walkin g into the classroom.② There is an old man coming here.③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。
We study English. He is asleep.(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. daysD. summer③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will beB. meetingC. the libraryD. afternoon⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. haveD. breakfast3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. （名词）Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in.（副词）The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell （闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）……It sounds a good idea.The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet.Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious.The food tastes good.The door remains open.Now I feel tired.(三) 挑出下列句中的表语①The old man was feeling very tired.② Why is he worried about Jim?③The leaves have turned yellow.④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.⑤ She was the first to learn about it.4. 宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。
放在及物动词或者介词之后。
如：I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式）Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday.Give the poor man some money.(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语① My brother hasn't done his homework.② People all over the world speak English.③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.④ How many new words did you learn last class?⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, ho w about you?5. 宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。