独立主格结构Absolute Structure（Independent Genitive）一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。

这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。

二、独立主格结构基本构成形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由1分词、2动词不定式、3形容词、4副词、5名词或介词短语担任。

按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。

名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。

2.名词(代词)+过去分词He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。

He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company.他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。

We divided the money, he to have half of them .4. 名词(代词)+形容词Computers very small, we can use them widely.电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。

5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。

6. 名词(代词)+名词Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

7. 名词(代词) +介词短语Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。

二、独立主格结构的句法功能“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。

其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。

如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随状况、表时间等，还可以作定语。

在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。

A．作状语独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。

1．表示时间Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都买好后，格雷斯打的回家了。

（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜没有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示条件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果从各方面考虑，你的计划似乎更实际些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。

【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下课了，学生都离开了教室。

【误】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出来了，他们继续赶路。

4．表示伴随情况或补充说明The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那个奇怪的男人在街上走着,手里拿着根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.杀人犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.5．作定语独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。

He is the person with 10 kids(with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the person= He is the person who has 10 kids.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。

(without的复合结构作定语,修饰the road ) = He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.with、without引导的独立主格结构介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。

A．with+名词代词+形容词He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服湿透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父亲如此出名，儿子不想读书。

B．with+名词代词+副词The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父亲在前，小孩在后走着。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C．with+名词代词+介词短语He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。

= He stood at the door, and a computer was inhis hand.D．with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.E．with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.F．with+名词代词+动词不定式The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。

The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。